A-Level PE key words paper 1

AQA paper 1

Myogenic

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. AKA pacemaker

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

Systole

When the heart contracts

Bundle of his

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit the impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles

Purkinje fibres

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

Sympathetic system

a part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate

Parasympathetic system

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

Medulla oblongata

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate

Chemoreceptors

Tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in carbon dioxide concentration

Baroreceptors

Special sensors in the tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate

Proprioceptors

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons, and joints, that detects changes in muscle movement

Adrenaline

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate

Stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

Diastole phase

When the heart relaxes to fill with blood

Ejection fraction

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

Cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute

Cardiac hypertrophy

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so that it becomes stronger and bigger; also can mean a larger ventricular activity

Bradycardia

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 BPM

Heart rate

The number of times the heart beats per minute -average = 72BPM

Fine skill

A skill that uses smaller muscle groups e.g., table tennis

Gross skill

A skill that uses larger muscle groups e.g., shoulder muscles in rugby tackle

Open skill

A skill that is performed in an unpredictable environment e.g., netball position of teammates/ opposition

Closed skill

A skill that is performed in a predictable environment e.g., gymnastics flick in floor routine

Self paced skill

Where the performer controls the pace and start of the skill e.g., penalty in football

Externally paced skill

Where the performer has no control over the pace and the start of the skill e.g., sailing

Discrete skill

a skill that has a clear beginning and end e.g., tennis serve

Continuous skill

A skill that has no clear beginning and end and often the end of one part of the skill is the start of the next part e.g., cycling

Serial skill

A skill that contains several discrete skills to make a more integrated movement e.g., gymnastics routine

Highly organised skill

A skill that is not easy to breakdown into parts e.g., a volley

Low organised skill

A skill that is easy to break down into parts

Simple skill

A skill that requires few decisions to be made e.g., a forwards roll

Complex skill

A skill that requires decision making using lots of information when being performed e.g., hockey dribble

Transfer

The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another

Positive transfer

When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another e.g., netball pass and basketball pass

Negative transfer

When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another e.g., tennis serve and badminton serve

Zero transfer

Where the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another e.g., swimming stoke and rock climbing

Bilateral transfer

When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb

Whole practice

Practicing a skill in its entirety

Whole-part-whole practice

Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together

Progressive part practice

Practicing the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually (sometimes called chaining)

Sagittal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves (flexion/ extension)

Frontal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves (abduction/ adduction)

Transverse plane

Divides the body into upper and lower halves (rotation)

Transverse axis

Runs from side to side across the body

Sagittal axis

Runs from front to back of the body

Longitudinal axis

Runs from top to bottom of the body

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint

Extension

Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint

Plantar-flexion

Pointing the toes/ pushing up onto your toes

Hyper extension

Increasing the angle beyond 180 between the bones of a joint

Dorsi-flexion

Pulling up the toes to the shin

Agonist

The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is ocurring

Antagonist

The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist (to help produce a co-ordinated movement

Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement towards the midline of the body

Horizontal adduction

movement of the arm forwards across the body at a 90 degree angle. Motion = shoulder abduction, and horizontal adduction

Horizontal abduction

Movement of the arm backwards across the body to shoulder abduction

Muscle spindles

These detect how far and fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex

Golgi tendon organs

These are activated when the is tension in a muscle

Isometric contraction

Where the is tension in a muscle but no visible movement

Autogenic inhibition

Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. The receptions involved in this process are Golgi tendon organs

Motor unit

A motor neurone and it muscle fibres

Motor neurones

Nerve cells which transmit the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles

Neuromuscular junction

Where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet

All or none law

Where a sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If not, none of them contract

Wave summation

Where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth sustained contraction occurs rather than twitches

Tetanic contraction

a sustained contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli

Spatial summation

When the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of the muscles motor units

Learning

A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice

Perfomance

A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences

cognitive stage of learning

The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error

Associative stage of learning

The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother

Autonomous stage of learning

The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific

Feedback

Information to gain error correction

Positive feedback

Encouragement

Negative feedback

Error correction

Extrinsic feedback

From an outside source

Intrinsic feedback

From within

Knowledge of results

Concerns the outcome

Knowledge of performance

About the technique

Plateau

A period of no improvement in performance

Drive reduction

An end-of-task periods when performance may get worse

amateur

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain

professional

A person who plays sport for financial gain

Glycolysis

A process in which glucose is converted to pyurvate to produce energy

Sarcoplasm

The fluid that surrounds the nucleus of a muscle fibre and is the site where anaerobic respiration takes place

Krebs cycle

A series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using oxygen in the matrix of the mitochondria

Electron transport chain

Involves a series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria where hydrogen is oxidised to water and 34 ATP are produced

Phosphocreatine

An energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles

Coupled reaction

When energy required by one process is supplied by another process e.g., in ATP-PC system

Anaerobic glycolytic energy system

Produces high powered energy for high intensity effort in events such as the 400m

Oxygen consumption

the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP

VO2 max

The maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

Sub-maximal oxygen deficit

When there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all of the energy (ATP) aerobically

EPOC (Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time

Fast component

The restoration of ATP and phosphocreatine stores and the re-saturation of myoglobin with oxygen

The cori cycle

The process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen

Lactate threshold

The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood

OBLA

The point at which lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre