World History II Final Study Guide (Multiple Choice and Important Individuals)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination in 1914 sparked the outbreak of World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

A Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The last German Emperor, whose militarism and alliances contributed to World War I.

T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)

A British officer who led Arab revolts against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Tsar Nicholas II

The last Emperor of Russia, overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and founder of the Soviet Union.

Leon Trotsky

A key Bolshevik leader and founder of the Red Army, later exiled by Stalin.

Georges Clemenceau

French Prime Minister who pushed for harsh penalties against Germany after World War I.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President during World War I, who proposed the League of Nations.

Henry Ford

American industrialist who revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

U.S. President who led the country through the Great Depression and most of World War II.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who advocated government intervention to manage economic cycles.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet dictator who led the USSR through World War II and into the Cold War.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy who allied with Hitler during World War II.

Paul von Hindenburg

German general and president who appointed Hitler as Chancellor in 1933.

Adolf Hitler

Nazi leader of Germany whose aggressive expansionism led to World War II and the Holocaust.

Emperor Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during World War II, under whom Japan pursued imperial expansion.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister who led Britain to victory in World War II.

Harry S. Truman

U.S. President who authorized the atomic bombings of Japan and helped shape the postwar world order.

Commodore _____________, an American naval commander sailed into Edo Bay in 1853 and forced the Japanese to open up to the western world.

Matthew Perry

______________ Unsuccessfully resisted the French takeover of Senegal, losing his life in battle against them.

Liat Dior

______________ Wrote the origin of species, which laid out the principles of natural selection.

Charles Darwin

Emperor _______________ oversaw the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the late nineteenth century

Mushito/Meiji

________________ developed the general theory of relativity in a series of papers published between 1905 and 1915

Albert Einstein

_____________ Led the womens suffrage movement in Britain and advocated extreme measures, like bombing government property, to gain attention to the issue

Emmeline Pankhurst

_______ Was a rebel leader from northern Mexico that led poor Mexican peasants and cowboys in overthrowing the corrupt Diaz regime during the Mexican Revolution

Pancho Villa

Count __________, the conservative prime minister of prussia, unified the Germans into a new nation state, Germany, in the late nineteenth century.

Otto Van Bismark

King __________ of Belgium gained control of the Congo in Africa and became infamous for creating a cruel and oppressive regime in that colony

Leopold II

________ of Ethiopia successfully resisted an italian invasion of his country in the late nineteenth century.

Menelik II

Alexander I

Rejected Enlightenment ideals, enforced reactionary repression.

Nicholas I

Promoted autocracy and orthodoxy, expanded secret police.

Muhammad Ali

Reformed military, education, and economy in Egypt.

Selim III

Attempted to modernize the military in Ottoman Empire.

Mahmud II

Abolished Janissaries, modernized the Ottoman military.

Ram Mohun Roy

Father of Indian Renaissance; advocated for women's rights.

Lord Macaulay

Promoted Western education in India, suppressed local culture.

Lin Zexu

Led anti-opium efforts during the First Opium War.

Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Founded Wahhabism, criticized lax Muslim practices.

Usman dan Fodio

Led jihad, established a vast Islamic Empire., founded Sokoto Caliphate

Nana Asma'u

Prominent female leader and educator in Sokoto Caliphate.

Shaka Zulu

Created a warrior state, established Zulu chiefdom.

Hong Xiuquan

Claimed to be Jesus' brother, led Taiping Rebellion.

Hong Rengan

Key military leader in the Taiping Rebellion.

John Stuart Mill

Advocated for utilitarianism and women's rights.

Harriet Mill

Influential feminist, co-authored works on equality. wife of John Stuart Mill

Charles Fourier

Founded modern socialism, proposed utopian phalansteries.

Karl Marx

Developed Marxism, critiqued capitalism, co-authored manifesto.

Friedrich Engels

Collaborated with Marx, supported class struggle theories.

Thomas Macaulay

Promoted English education and liberal ideas in India.

Lord Dalhousie

Expanded British control in India, implemented reforms.

Bakht Khan

Commander in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Devi Singh

Leader in Punjab during the Indian Rebellion.

Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah

Mobilized Muslims during the 1857 Indian Rebellion.

Lakshmi Bai, Rani of Jhansi

Symbol of resistance in the 1857 Indian Rebellion.

Queen Victoria

Reigned over the British Empire during its zenith.

Which of the following was an important effect of the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt?

The conquest enabled Ottoman leaders to treat their Sunni state as the preeminent(greatest) Muslim empire.

What was Egypt's main significance within the Ottoman Émpire?

It served as the Ottomans' breadbasket, providing Istanbul with the largest revenue stream of any province.

What did the Battle at Lepanto in 1571 demonstrate?

Only a united European effort could combat the Ottomans' advance. background of battle, (fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras)

Which of the following rationales best explains why the Ottomans failed to vigorously contest the Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean during the early sixteenth century?

The Ottomans were focused on conquering the Balkans.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts?

The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century?

The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare?

The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives.

What city was the capital of the Aztec Empire and was among the world's largest cities at the time of the European conquest of the Americas?

Tenochtitlan

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following?

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century?

90 percent

What was Africa's primary contribution to the Atlantic system?

labor

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system?

Military technology

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

Which of the following was NOT one of the three main commodities that the Iberian empires concentrated on in the Americas?

Sorghum

The ____ Empire facilitated the overland movement of caravan trade with the

establishment of refreshment and military stations across their territory.

Ottoman

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church?

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways?

The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.

The _____ Massacre of 1572 saw French Catholics murder over 10,000 French Huguenots (Protestants).

St. Bartholomew's Day

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity.

At which Chinese port city did the Portuguese enter China's import-export trade in 1557?

Macao

What joint-stock company had a royal charter granting it a monopoly to import East Indian goods to England?

the English East India Company

Selim the Grim

Mehmed's grandson; captured Mecca and Medina and Cairo; effective sultan/great general

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 'The Lawgiver.' he expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Christopher Columbus

Sailor who discovered the New World and introduced new land to the world

Afonso of Kongo

Succesor of Joao, brought Christianity into the culture of the Portuguese, converting them to Christianity

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Dona Marina

Aztec woman who betrayed the Aztecs and fell in love with Cortes and helped him conquer the Aztecs giving him plans the Aztecs had to plot against the Spaniards

Yupanqui

Inca ruler that greatly expanded the empire, son of Pachacuti

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas

Athaluapa

Last emperor of the Inca empire

Ines Suarez

Mistress of the conqueror of Chile(Pedro de Valdivia), fundamental in attacks on indigenous populations

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of that was the first to sail around the world.

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms.

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation, created the 95 Theses

Pope Leo X

excommunicated Martin Luther

Jean Calvin

French Protestant that modified Martin Luther's ideas

Henry VII

Him and his daughter Elizabeth createda reformed religion Anglicanism (middle way)

Elizabeth I

Helped create the religion Anglicanism with her dad henry VII which was religion that was in the middle (middle way)