Longhorn Cattle Drive 2

descriptive statistics

Describe a set of data

diffusion of responsibility

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

discrimination

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Disassociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall facts or details from a traumatic event

Dissociative identity disorder

psychological disorder that manifests itself in the presence of two or more alternate personalities in the same body that may or may not be aware of each other's existence.

double blind study

The researchers and participants both do not know whether participants are in the experimental or control group.

dream analysis

a technique used by psychoanalysts to interpret the content of patients' dreams

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

manifest content

according to Freud, what the dream is about

drive

an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy a physiological need

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

eardrum

tightly stretched membrane located at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when struck by sound waves

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

electroencephalogram (EEG)

detects brain waves, used in sleep research

embryo

An organism in the earliest stage of development

emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

encoding

The processing of information into the memory system.

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

endorphins

help us deal with pain as well as producing a pleasurable sensation.

episodic memory

A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.

Erickson's stages of psychosocial development

Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair

ethics

A system of moral principles.

ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

classic extinction

the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response as the result of repeated presentation of the CS alone.

operant extinction

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

feature detector

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

feral children (Genie)

Children raised apart from human society

fetal alcohol syndrom

A group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on an unborn child

fetus

9 weeks to birth, developed major internal organs

figure ground perception

In Gestalt psychology it is known as the ability to distinguish a figure from the ground

fixation

According to Freud, stuck in a psychosexual stage

flashbulb memory

vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

fluid intelligence

cognitive abilities requiring speed or rapid learning that tends to diminish with age

flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

fovea

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.

framing

presenting information or performing actions in a certain way

fraternal twins

Twins who develop from separate eggs.

free association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

freud's stages of psychosocial development

Oral stage , Anal stage, Phallic stage, Latency stage, Genital stage

frequency theory

rate at which neurons fire the action potential reproduces the pitch

frontal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.

frustration aggression hypothesis

the principle that frustration creates anger which can generate aggression

functional fixedness

Inability to see that an object can have a function other than its stated or usual one.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A technology that uses magnetic fields to detect activity in the brain (blood flow). Mix between an MRI and PET

functionalism

William James, how the mind and structures in the brain affect us and our behaviors

fundamental attribution error

The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional (internal) causes rather than situational (external) causes.

g factor

charles spearman; statistical term that refers to the general intelligence factor that underlies all intelligent activity

Gardner's view of intelligence

multiple intelligences mathematical/logical, spacial, kinesthetic , linguistic, musical, naturalistic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

Garcia's limits on conditioning

taste aversions are the one exception to the rule that conditioning does not create permanent reactions

gate control theory

Theory that explains how the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain

gender/gender identity

In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

gender roles

The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex.

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

general adaption syndrome (GAS)

the body's adaptive response to stress in three states - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

generalization

transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus

generalized anxiety

Characterized by excessive anxiety or worry about numerous things, lasting for 6 months or longer.

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup

gestalt psychology

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.

Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg

gilligan argued that people use both harm-based moral reasoning (it is bad to harm others) and care-based moral reasoning (it is good to help others), but kohlberg only measured harm-based moral reasoning in his research. therefore his theory cannot be complete.

glial cells

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

group polarization

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

group therapy

treating a group of people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained counselor

groupthink

A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

habituation

An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

hallucinations

false sensory experiences

hallucinogens

psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

heritability

the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

heuristic

a useful, but unprovable, cognitive shortcut, such as a "rule of thumb"

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

hippocampus

A portion of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning.

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Horney's (Karen) views on personality

the theory of neuroses: both men and women have the need to be productive

hormones

Chemicals produced by your glands that regulate the activities of different body cells

hue

A particular shade of a given color

humanistic psychology

perspective that emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual and the idea that humans have free will

hypnosis

A state of relaxation, focused attention, and increased willingness to relinquish control over one's own actions.

hypochondriasis

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

hypothalamus

regulates homeostasis, reward center, govern endocrine system

hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

ID

unconscious desires

Ego

decision making

superego

moral component

identical twins

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

implicit memory

Memory that does not require conscious recall; consists of skills and conditioned behaviors.

imprinting

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

inattentional blindness

failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere

incentive

Something that encourages greater action or effort, such as a reward

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

inferential statistics

procedures used to draw conclusions about larger populations from small samples of data