Lifespan Development: Middle Childhood through Death and Bereavement

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development from middle childhood through late adulthood and bereavement, based on lecture notes.

Dental Caries in the Philippines

A survey revealed that 97% of 6 year olds had dental caries, and 85% had odontogenic infection.

Gray Matter Trajectory

Shows a U-shaped trajectory; volume decrease reflects pruning of unused dendrites to increase efficiency.

Rough-and-tumble play

Consists of about 10 percent of schoolchildren’s free play in the early grades, peaking in middle childhood.

Body Mass Index Percentiles

Overweight is defined as a BMI between the 85th-95th percentile, while Obesity is a BMI over the 95th percentile.

Asthma

A chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's stage in cognitive development characterized by the use of mental operations and logical thinking limited to real situations.

Seriation

The cognitive ability to arrange objects in a series according to one or more dimensions such as time, length, or color.

Transitive Inference

Understanding the relationship between 2 objects by knowing the relationship of each to a 3rd object.

Class Inclusion

The ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts and to understand the categories within a whole.

Inductive Reasoning

A type of logical reasoning that involves making observations and then drawing conclusions about the class as a whole.

Deductive Reasoning

A type of reasoning that starts with a general statement and applies it to particular members of a class; Piaget argued this develops in adolescence.

Executive Function

Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

Metamemory

Knowledge of and reflection about memory processes.

Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8)

A verbal-only test with levels for kindergarten to 12th grade used to identify specific strengths and weaknesses in comprehension and reasoning.

Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence

Identified eight independent kinds of intelligence, arguing that high intelligence in one area does not necessarily accompany high intelligence in others.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Focuses on three elements: Componential (analytic), Experiential (creative), and Contextual (practical).

Pragmatics

The social context of language, including the ability to ask questions before introducing unknown topics or repairing communication breakdowns.

Decoding

The process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory.

Dyslexia

A learning disability where reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age.

Representational Systems

The 3rd stage of self-definition characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration of various aspects of the self.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's 4th stage of psychosocial development where children must learn productive skills or face feelings of low self-worth.

Coregulation

A transitional stage in behavior control where parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation.

Sociometric Popularity

A measurement using a tally of positive and negative nominations; popular children receive many positive and few negative nominations.

Hostile Attribution Bias

The tendency to perceive others as trying to hurt one and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense.

Puberty

The process that leads to sexual maturity or fertility, typically beginning at age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys.

Adrenarche

The stage of puberty between ages 6 and 8 involving the secretion of androgens like DHEA, influencing hair growth and body odor.

Gonadarche

The stage of puberty marked by the maturing of sex organs and high production of estrogen in girls or testosterone in boys.

Spermarche

The first ejaculation, which is the principal sign of sexual maturity in boys.

Menarche

The first menstruation, characterized by the monthly shedding of tissues from the lining of the womb.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image, being severely underweight, and a fear of losing control over weight.

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

Piaget's term for a methodical, scientific approach to problem solving that characterizes formal operational thinking.

Imaginary Audience

The assumption by an adolescent that everyone else is thinking about the same thing they are—themselves.

Personal Fable

The belief by adolescents that they are special, their experience is unique, and they are not subject to rules governing others.

Fidelity

The virtue developed from a satisfactory resolution of the identity crisis, involving sustained loyalty or faith.

James Marcia's Identity Statuses

Four categories (Identity Achievement, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Identity Diffusion) defined by the presence or absence of crisis and commitment.

Emerging Adulthood

A proposed transitional period between adolescence and adulthood (ages 18-25) characterized by identity exploration and instability.

Recentering

A three-stage process that underlies the shift to an adult identity, moving from being embedded in the family of origin to independence.

Postformal Thought

A mature type of thinking characterized by the ability to deal with inconsistency, contradiction, compromise, and relativistic views.

Tacit Knowledge

Inside information or "hacks" not formally taught but necessary for getting ahead; unrelated to IQ but predicts job performance.

Ego-Resilient

A typological personality type describing individuals who are well-adjusted, self-confident, articulate, and helpful.

Triangular Theory of Love

Sternberg's theory that love develops through three elements: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment.

Presbyopia

An age-related visual condition characterized by difficulty focusing on near objects.

Menopause

The permanent cessation of ovulation and menstruation, occurring one year after a woman's last period.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to solve novel problems that require little previous knowledge, which peaks in young adulthood.

Crystallized Intelligence

The ability to remember and use information acquired over a lifetime, which increases through middle age.

Logotherapy

Victor Frankl's therapeutic approach that helps people find personal meaning in life through spirituality, freedom, and responsibility.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's 7th stage of development where adults find meaning by contributing to society or face being self-absorbed.

Identity Process Theory (IPT)

Whitbourne's theory that identity involves the processes of identity assimilation, identity accommodation, and identity balance.

Empty Nest

A transition period that occurs when the youngest child leaves the parental home.

Ageism

Prejudice or discrimination against people based on their age.

Senescence

The decline in body functioning associated with aging.

Hayflick Limit

The biological limit where cells can divide for no more than approximately 50 times.

Alzheimer’s Disease

A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by cognitive deterioration, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaque.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's final stage where older adults evaluate and accept their lives to gain a sense of meaning in the face of death.

Thanatology

The scientific study of death and dying.

Hospice Care

Personal, patient-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill with a life expectancy of 6 months or less.

Terminal Drop

A widely observed decline in cognitive abilities, such as perceptual speed, shortly before death.

Anomic Suicide

Suicide triggered by sudden changes in life or society that disrupt norms and create a sense of purposelessness (low social regulation).

Death Seekers

Individuals identified by Edwin Shneidman who clearly intend to end their lives at the time of the attempt.

Death Darers

Individuals who are ambivalent about dying and engage in risky behavior that may or may not lead to death.