unit 1 pscyh ap test

qualitative data

descriptive data

quantitative data

numerical data

population

everyone the research could apply to

directionality problem

there is clear correlation between two variables but it is unclear which is causing changes

positive correlation

variables increase and decrease together

negative correlation

as one variable increases the other decreases

what do the clusters look like on a graph if the relationship is stronger

tighter clusters

the closer the number is to 1 or -1…

the stronger the correlation

confound

error in a study that is accidentally introduced

random assignment

assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random

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naturalistic observation

observe people in their natural setting

case study

studies one person in great detail

meta-analysis

combines multiple studies to increase sample size

descriptive statistics

show the shape of the data

how are skews created

by outliers

negative skew

most data is on the right

positive skew

most data is on the right

range

distance between the smallest and biggest number

standard deviation

average amount the scores are spread from the mean

what are the standard deviation percentages

68, 95, and 99.7

inferential statistics

establishes significance

statistical significance

results are not due to chance alone

what are the ethical guidelines

confidentiality, informed consent, informed assent, debriefing, deception, and no harm

effect size

data has statistical significance (bigger is better)

social desirability

people lie to look good

wording effects

how you frame a question can impact the answers

random sample

everyone has a chance to take part in the experiment

representative sample

sample mimcs the general population

convenience sample

select participants on availability

sampling bias

sample isn’t representative due to convenience sampling

cultural norms

behaviors of a particular group can influence results

experimenter/participant bias

experimenter/participant expectations influence the outcome

cognitive bias

bias in thinking/judgement

hawthorne effect

people change behavior when watched