Time Period 3 (1815-1914)

First Industrial Revolution (1760-1830)

Europe’s first industrial revolution:

• hg

Corn Laws 1815

Tory Prime Minister Lord Liverpool passed this in 1815 to place tariffs on cereal grain imported from other countries such as wheat and maize to favor domestic agriculture.

Unification of Italy 1815-1870

Italy Risorgimento

• Count Camillo di Cavour 1810-1861

  • Liberal, practical, sought ways to enhance the power of the Sardinian state

    • Not romantic like Giussepe Mazzini - War against Austria with France

  • 1859 war begins

  • Napoleon III pulls out early

  • This war helps spark rebellions throughout Italian Peninsula in Austrian dominated regions of Tuscany, Parma, Modena, all join Sardinia

• Southern Italy: Giuseppe Garibaldi 1807-1882

  • romantic tradition, Italian nationalism, used to be a part of Mussolini’s Young Italy movement

  • invades Kingdom go the Two Sicilies

    • 1,000 red shirts conquer this southern Italian kingdom

  • Cavour blocks Garibaldi at Naples

• Waited Popular revolt in Papal States to commence and then moved Sardinian troops into all of lands controlled by the pope except Rome

• Victor Emmanuel 1861 declared the first King of Italy

• Venetia = 1866-after Austro-Prussian War

• Rome = 1870 Franco Prussian War

effects

• north is industrialized and economically developed more than the south

• religious hostility toward catholics, by not allowing them to vote (largely ignored by the catholics)

• church and Italian state only reconcile 1929 restoring the sovereignty of Vatican City to the papacy

Revolt of Peterloo 1819

In Britain, the largest ever political gathering of working class people. They were in Manchester in 1819 for the right to vote, freedom from oppression and justice. It was followed by the repressive Six Acts, to quash dissent. George III was no longer fit to rule is seen.

• Effect: The Six Acts

  • to suppress any meetings for the purpose of radical reform

    • The Training Prevention Act

    • The Seizure of Arms Act

    • The Seditious Meetings Act

    • The Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act

    • The Misdemeanours Act

    • The Newspaper Stamp Duties Act

July Revolution and Conquest of Algeria 1830

France, in response to the rule of King Charles X who was bitter about revolution, introduced the Law of Sacrilege, and the ultra-royalist Prince of Polignac made the July Ordinances

• July Ordinances: dissolved the newly elected assembly, dissolved voting rights from the upper middle class…

• Result: Not in a republic bc they were scared of first republic

• But elect Louis Philipe !

Greek Independence 1830

Balkans:

• 1821 Western European liberals looked to the Greek revolt of 1821 to free the “birthplace of democracy” from “Eastern despotism”

• some leading liberals even went to Greece to aid the rebels

• 1827 Britain, France, and Russia organized a combined naval force to intervene on the side of Greek revolutionaries, and russians attacked the ottomans on land.

• 1832, Greece declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire and became a monarchy imported Bavarian prince

• “Eastern Question” - sick old man of europe - Greeks were breaking away but sp were the Serbs…

Belgian Independence from Netherlands 1830

The revolution was due to a combination of factors, the main one being the difference of religion (Catholic in today's Belgium, Protestant in today's Netherlands) and the general lack of autonomy given to the south. Most of the institutions were based in the North and public burdens were unevenly distributed.

• William I sends hisforces but they were expelled in 1830

• rebels recieve support from volunteers outside the city

Reform Bill of 1832

Britain Parliament passed a law that changed the British electoral system. It was known as the Great Reform Act, which basically gave the vote to middle class men, leaving working men dissapointed.

• eases property requirements for voting

• grants middle class men the right to vote

• 1884 most adult males gain suffrage… but not by this

1st Opium War 1839-1842

Britain was

• smuggling opium from their Indian colonies into Chinese ports against the wishes of the Chinese government

Start of Tanzimat reforms 1839

Middle East

• guarantees Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour and property 1839

• introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes 1840

• opening of the first post offices of the Empire 1840

• ensuring equality of muslim and non muslim ottoman subjects

• directed at europe to suggest that the ottoman empire belonged among the european nations and commit to transform the empire based on european models

Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849

Ireland, Britain responds with Laissez Faire polcies of Thomas Malthus, and does not help to feed the Irish after the potatoes, their main food source, gets contaminated by a potato disease causing a season of starvation and disease, “The Great Hunger” of the mid-1800s kills about 1 million people.

Revolutions of 1848 (1)

France

• Francois Guizot

  • chief minister of louis phillipe

    • believed that France had evolved politically as far as it should and that everyone who resented their lack of political rights should simply “get rich”

    • guizot issues order to bnan the banquet that was supposed to honor george washington

• Louis Blanc

  • NATIONAL WORKSHOPS

  • spoke for need of fundamental social and economic change

• April 23 election

  • conservatives outside the city vote and with universal male suffrage, the elected are 5 moderates

  • angered by the results there is a workers revolt

  • —> Louis Napoleon capitalizes his name appeal and

    • 1851 dictator

    • 1852 named himself Emperor

Revolutions of 1848 (2)

Austria

Hungary:

• Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894)

  • demanded for a constitution that would provide for responsible government of Hungary

Prague:

• for the creation of a semi-autonomous Czech homeland

Vienna:

• under control of students and workers who demanded freedom of the press and removal of the hated Metternich

Emperor eventually uses military force to put these revolts down, gets russian help for hungary

Frankfurt Assembly 1848

German states meet yo at Frankfurt to dispute the question of where to draw the borders of the New Germany

1. Grossedeutch

   1. Including Austria, all German lands

2. Kleindeutsch

   1. include only Prussia and smaller German states

   2. this wins

3. William IV refuses the “crown from the gutter”

   1. missed opportunity to make germany a nation united by liberalism

   2. even though frankfurt was quite militaristic in that

      1. it did not care for the rights of the Czech

      2. help put down a revolt in Poland

Revolutions of 1848 (3)

German States- Prussia

• Frederick William IV

  • promised moderate reform but never implemented any changes

  • march 1848 revolt in berlin, his army shoots two

  • horrified he pulls back the armies and forms a constitutent assembly

  • the assembly is dissolved in later years and the army back

• New constitution

  • freedom of the press

  • two house legislature

  • adult male universal suffrage - for the lower house

  • still watered down by giving weighted votes to those who paid more taxes

Napoleon III’s Reign (1852-1870)

France, Napoleon III is known for:

• rebuilding Paris

• ruler during the Crimean War

• bad foreign policies

  • Mexico humiliation when he sends a general with no back up to

  • Pulls away from helping Italy unify

  • Loses war in Franco-Prussian war, humiliated in 1871 Hall of Mirrors

Crimean War 1854-1856

1853 Ottomans declare war on Russia

France and Great Britain declare war on Russians

• many died not bc of battle but filthy field hospitals

• Florence Nightingale

Russian fortress of Sevastopol

• Russia’s chief port in the northern Black Sea and nearest access to the Mediterranean

Austria threatens to declare war on Russia as well

• Russia loses territories on Danube and ban on warships on Black Sea region

• now they lose what they’ve wanted for years: a warm water port with access to the meditteranean - since peter the great theyve wanted this

Effects:

• destruction of the Concert of Europe

• britain scared - isolationist

• austria - has no ally of russia when opposing the german and italian unification

• France - has no ally of Britain when fighting against Prussia in 1870-1871

Austro Prussian War 1860

1866 Prussians secure alliance with Italy + promise of nonparticipation from the French

• Prussia declares war on Austria

• Militarily superior with the needle gun, fired faster than the muzzle loading gun

• Seven weeks war, austria is easily defeated

• Austria is treated well

Alexander II emancipates the serfs 1861

Russia, tsar Alexander II “emancipates” serfdom, but not truly, as the serfs are forced to pay back in loans to landowners amounts that cannot be paid of in years, which is essentially making them slaves to those landowners once again.

Creation of Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy 1867

• 1866 Habsburgs lose all their territories in Italy

• defeated by Prussians at the Battle of Sadowa, no longer a part of German affairs

• 1867 agreement between Vienna and Magyars in Hungary creating the dual monarchy of Austro-Hungarian empire

Francis Joseph

• Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary

• Magyars, have achieved a measure of independence, ensured that Croats, Serbs, and Romanians within Hungary were denied any form of self rule

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Ems Dispatch

• telegram send by Prussian king to Bismark informing him of what hd transpired in the coversation between the king and the french ambassador about his cousin being pulled out of the running to being king of Spain

• Napoleon becomes the aggressor of the war

• Battle of Sedan French are defeated by Prussia

• William I proclaimed in the palace of Versailles as German Emperor

Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)

Europe

Reform Bill of 1884

Britain Conservatives

• first electoral reform act to apply United Kingdom as a whole

• Majority of adult males gain the right to vote in parliamentary elections

Berlin Conference 1884

Mad Scramble for Africa

Otto Von Bismark begins the Berlin Conference

• set up rules for establishment of colonies

• nations had to prove that they would protect exsiting rights like freedom of trade and transit

• all of european powers split africa

excluded:

• Ethiopia repelled italian invasion 1896

• Liberia historical link to America

Alexander II assassinated (1884)

Russian Tsar - made many reforms, people wanted more

• Zemstovos - district assemblies that had mandates to deal with local issues such as education and social services

• Revised legal system but did not introduce written consitution and parliamentary bodies bc he was an autocrat at heart

Peoples Will wanted more reforms, and assassinated Alexander in 1881

His son Alexander III 1881-1894 was extremely repressive

Bloody Sunday Massacre (1905)

Seen as key cause of the 1905 revolution (russian revolution…)

• brought a short lived revolution in which the tsar lost control of large areas of Russia

• revolution failed but served as a serious warning of what might happen in the future

• demonstrators march peacefully to the Winter palace to present to the tsar a list of complaints concerning working conditions in the factories

Liberals elected to House of Commons (1906)

Brings Britain a great phase of reforms

Young Turks mounted a coup on Ottomans (1908)