History US foreign policy quiz demeter

why was US falling behind of European powers by the end of 19th century?

They were expanding influence into China, even though US Asian policies and territorial acquisition in Pacific was to protect/further Chinese trade

Who made the Open Door Policy?

John Hay

What did the Open Door Policy say?

stated that there be no discrimination of foreign powers within a country’s sphere of influence, and existing tariff structure as set by Chinese gov was to remain in effect.

Was the Open Door policy immediately put into effect?

No, Hay had no international authority or military threat to enforce it. The US needs an international incident to leverage the Open Door Policy

How did the US implement the Open Door Policy?

Chinese nationalists rose against Europeans in China in 1900, and the US sent troops to resolve the seige. This participation helped the US push the Open Door Policy as a resolution to the incident, where Hay insisted China stay independent, but this independence must include free trade.

What changed in the US military when Roosevelt took office after McKinley was shot?

US military would move from an ad hoc(when needed) civilian army to a more centralized, professional force. Roosevelt also believed modern countries are obliged to bring benefits of civilization to less modern countries, and so the US became more involved in foreign affairs

What is Big Stick Diplomacy?

The result of Roosevelt’s ideals, where the US could achieve foreign policy goals if it backed its interests with credible military threat

Who is Alfred Mahan, ad what did he support?

Roosevelt was an ardent follower of Alfred Mahan, who was the guy that built up the US navy. His urge to build a big navy played into Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy, where Roosevelt paraded the navy around the world.

What is the Big White Fleet?

Roosevelt’s navy that went around the world

Give examples of when Roosevelt spoke softly, and when he used his big stick.

speak softly: Brokering the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH

big stick: Latin America, Panama Canal

What were the two options for the Panama Canal?

Nicaragua and obviously Panama

Why couldn’t the US build the canal even when it purchased rights to do so?

Needed Colombian government to agree, because Colombia owned Panama.

Did Colombia accept Hay’s offer to lease Panama for 100 years, paying $10,000,000 and $250,000 a year?

No, thought it favored US interests

What did Roosevelt do after Colombia rejected his offer for Panama?

Used his big stick, fear that US might abandon Panama caused revolts against Colombia. Arrival of Roosevelt’s battleships and troops prevented Colombian troops from crushing revolt

Was US happy about Panama’s independence?

very much so

What is the Roosevelt Corollary?

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, where the US intervened and managed finances for countries in its sphere of influence, particularly in central and south america, to the point of even collecting debts for European countries. This made sure European powers would stay out of the Caribbean.

Where was the Roosevelt Corollary first used?

Santo Domingo, to stop France and Italy from collecting money owed by Santo Domingo

What does extraterritoriality mean?

The practice by which a country enforces laws outside its own territory

What are the problems with extraterritoriality?

British or US laws are in place in foreign country regardless of the laws of the foreign country. Serious impediment to a country exercising sovereignty(authority) in face of imperialism

What did Argentine jurist Carlos Calvo argue about extraterritoriality?

that it had no basis in international law

What is dollar diplomacy?

William Howard Taft’s policy, after succeeding Roosevelt in 1908. Replaced power of military in Big Stick to the power of the US economy

Similarities between Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy

Both wished to remove European intervention from Latin America by managing financial affairs of countries whose economies were “backward” by US standards

What was the problem with Dollar Diplomacy?

Latin American countries saw it as thinly veiled imperialism. Some refused to sign treaties based on principles of Dollar Diplomacy, provoking a US-sponsored revolution that installed a pro-US regime that accepted Dollar diplomacy

Why was Nicaragua causing trouble for the US?

Wouldn’t accept Taft’s Dollar diplomacy, so many US companies and banks acquired controlling interests in Nicaraguan banking and railroads. US sent lots of marines to Nicaragua to suppress a revolution being caused by economic imperialism

What is moral diplomacy?

Despite Roosevelt and Taft’s aggressive foreign policies, anti-imperialist sentiment in the US still remained. President Wilson after Taft in 1912 created moral diplomacy, encouraging human rights and development of constitutional liberty in the world

What did Wilson realize about moral diplomacy?

He would realize the moral precepts and good intentions of moral diplomacy, like Big Stick diplomacy, would need military force backing it.

What were the effects of Wilson’s inability to understand the nature of nationalism?

His perception of the US in international affairs differed from the perception of other countries

Who is William Jennings Bryan?

Wilson’s secretary of State, tried appealing to Dominicans to formally renounce revolution, but it failed

What did Wilson do when Latin American countries revolted?

He occupied the countries to establish order

What were the complications of moral diplomacy in Mexico?

• Wilson at first supported the reforming elements of the revolution in 1911(Mexico), that brought down Diaz and replaced him with Francisco Madero.

• Under Diaz, however, US oil and railroad concerns had prospered, even though Mexican peasants were alienated.

• Madero’s reforming government was overthrown by General Huerta, however, who Wilson didn’t like.

• Wilson pressured Huerta to leave, supporting opposition leader Carranza. Carranza, a Mexican nationalist, didn’t want to accept help from the US

• By 1914, US didn’t recognize Mexico’s government, but had no credible replacement that supported the US

• Wilson realized if he intervened militarily into Mexico, would anger the people that opposed Huerta.

• Moral diplomacy ran into the realities of actual diplomacy