Ch-01-Foundations-Pt-1-handout

Anatomy

The study of structures and the relationship between body parts.

Physiology

The study of how the body functions and mechanisms in the body.

Gross anatomy

The study of large structures visible to the naked eye.

Microscopic anatomy

The study of structures at the cellular level.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Developmental anatomy

The study of the development of an organism.

Embryology

The study of embryos and their development.

Pathological anatomy

The study of structural changes in tissues and organs caused by disease.

Radiographic anatomy

The study of anatomical structures using imaging techniques.

Functional morphology

The study of the relationship between structure and function.

Organelles

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

Cells

The basic unit of life.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells that perform specific functions.

Organs

Functional units composed of more than one primary tissue type.

Integumentary system

Includes skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands; protects and regulates body temperature.

Major organs of the integumentary system

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.

Skeletal system

Provides structural support and protects body organs.

Major organs of the skeletal system

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints.

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of environment and locomotion.

Major organs of the muscular system

More than 700 muscles.

Nervous system

Fast-acting control system; responds to internal and external changes.

Major organs of the nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Endocrine system

Slower-acting control system that regulates other organs using hormonal signaling.

Major organs of the endocrine system

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries/testes.

Cardiovascular system

Transports blood carrying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

Major organs of the cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels.

Lymphatic system

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and involved in immunity.

Major organs of the lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen.

Respiratory system

Responsible for gas exchange in the body.

Major organs of the respiratory system

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Digestive system

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

Major organs of the digestive system

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Urinary system

Filters blood and eliminates nitrogenous wastes.

Major organs of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Reproductive system

Produces new individuals (offspring) and sex hormones.

Major organs of the male reproductive system

Testes, penis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate gland.

Major organs of the female reproductive system

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment.

Responsiveness

The ability of an organism to respond to environmental changes.

Microscopic

Referring to structures small enough to be seen only with a microscope.

Multicellular organisms

Organisms composed of many cells, such as humans.

Trillions of cells

The approximate number of cells in the human body.

Four primary tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Structural organization hierarchy

The arrangement of complex biological structures: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

Oxygen transport

The process by which blood carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.

Carbon dioxide removal

The process of removing carbon dioxide from the body, primarily through the respiratory system.

Nutrient absorption

The process by which the digestive system takes in nutrients from food.

Acid-base balance

Regulation of the acidity or alkalinity in the body fluids.

Pathogens

Microorganisms that can cause disease.

Sweat glands

Glands that produce sweat for thermoregulation and excretion.

Cutaneous receptors

Sensory receptors located in the skin that respond to different stimuli like pain and pressure.

Bone function

Provides support, protects organs, and enables movement through muscle attachment.

Blood cell production

The process of generating new blood cells in the body, primarily in bone marrow.

Hormonal signaling

The process by which hormones are released into the bloodstream to regulate functions in the body.

Immune response

The body’s defense system against pathogens.

Gas exchange process

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

Digestive tract

The path food takes through the body, from mouth to anus.

Elimination of waste

The process of removing indigestible food from the body in the form of feces.

Kidneys

Organs that filter blood and produce urine.

Sex hormones

Hormones that regulate the reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics.

Nutrients

Substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.

Structural adaptation

Features that allow an organism to survive in its environment.

Muscle contraction

The process of muscle fibers shortening to produce movement.

Neurons

Specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit signals.

Cutaneous receptors

Nerve endings in the skin that respond to stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and pain.

Ovary

Female reproductive organ that produces eggs and hormones.

Testis

Male reproductive organ that produces sperm and hormones.

Adrenal glands

Glands that produce hormones involved in stress response.

Thyroid gland

Gland that produces hormones regulating metabolism.

Pituitary gland

The 'master gland' that controls other endocrine glands.

Oxygen utilization in cells

The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy.

Cellular respiration

The metabolic process by which cells convert nutrients into energy.

Type of tissues

Groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions.