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Anatomy
The study of structures and the relationship between body parts.
Physiology
The study of how the body functions and mechanisms in the body.
Gross anatomy
The study of large structures visible to the naked eye.
Microscopic anatomy
The study of structures at the cellular level.
Histology
The study of tissues.
Developmental anatomy
The study of the development of an organism.
Embryology
The study of embryos and their development.
Pathological anatomy
The study of structural changes in tissues and organs caused by disease.
Radiographic anatomy
The study of anatomical structures using imaging techniques.
Functional morphology
The study of the relationship between structure and function.
Organelles
Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
Cells
The basic unit of life.
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that perform specific functions.
Organs
Functional units composed of more than one primary tissue type.
Integumentary system
Includes skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands; protects and regulates body temperature.
Major organs of the integumentary system
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.
Skeletal system
Provides structural support and protects body organs.
Major organs of the skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints.
Muscular system
Allows manipulation of environment and locomotion.
Major organs of the muscular system
More than 700 muscles.
Nervous system
Fast-acting control system; responds to internal and external changes.
Major organs of the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
Endocrine system
Slower-acting control system that regulates other organs using hormonal signaling.
Major organs of the endocrine system
Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries/testes.
Cardiovascular system
Transports blood carrying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
Major organs of the cardiovascular system
Heart, blood vessels.
Lymphatic system
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and involved in immunity.
Major organs of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen.
Respiratory system
Responsible for gas exchange in the body.
Major organs of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
Digestive system
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
Major organs of the digestive system
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Urinary system
Filters blood and eliminates nitrogenous wastes.
Major organs of the urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Reproductive system
Produces new individuals (offspring) and sex hormones.
Major organs of the male reproductive system
Testes, penis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate gland.
Major organs of the female reproductive system
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment.
Responsiveness
The ability of an organism to respond to environmental changes.
Microscopic
Referring to structures small enough to be seen only with a microscope.
Multicellular organisms
Organisms composed of many cells, such as humans.
Trillions of cells
The approximate number of cells in the human body.
Four primary tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Structural organization hierarchy
The arrangement of complex biological structures: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.
Oxygen transport
The process by which blood carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.
Carbon dioxide removal
The process of removing carbon dioxide from the body, primarily through the respiratory system.
Nutrient absorption
The process by which the digestive system takes in nutrients from food.
Acid-base balance
Regulation of the acidity or alkalinity in the body fluids.
Pathogens
Microorganisms that can cause disease.
Sweat glands
Glands that produce sweat for thermoregulation and excretion.
Cutaneous receptors
Sensory receptors located in the skin that respond to different stimuli like pain and pressure.
Bone function
Provides support, protects organs, and enables movement through muscle attachment.
Blood cell production
The process of generating new blood cells in the body, primarily in bone marrow.
Hormonal signaling
The process by which hormones are released into the bloodstream to regulate functions in the body.
Immune response
The body’s defense system against pathogens.
Gas exchange process
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.
Digestive tract
The path food takes through the body, from mouth to anus.
Elimination of waste
The process of removing indigestible food from the body in the form of feces.
Kidneys
Organs that filter blood and produce urine.
Sex hormones
Hormones that regulate the reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics.
Nutrients
Substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
Structural adaptation
Features that allow an organism to survive in its environment.
Muscle contraction
The process of muscle fibers shortening to produce movement.
Neurons
Specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit signals.
Cutaneous receptors
Nerve endings in the skin that respond to stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and pain.
Ovary
Female reproductive organ that produces eggs and hormones.
Testis
Male reproductive organ that produces sperm and hormones.
Adrenal glands
Glands that produce hormones involved in stress response.
Thyroid gland
Gland that produces hormones regulating metabolism.
Pituitary gland
The 'master gland' that controls other endocrine glands.
Oxygen utilization in cells
The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy.
Cellular respiration
The metabolic process by which cells convert nutrients into energy.
Type of tissues
Groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions.
