New Imperialism Pt. 1

Imperialism

Proponents justified European colonization using a variety of explanations, from a belief in nationalism, a desire for economic health, a sense of religious duty, and a belief they were biologically superior. These various motives for establishing overseas empires would lead to conflicts in Asia and a scramble to colonize Africa.

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Japan asserted its nationalist pride through incursions into Korea. This irritated China, a country that had exerted a strong presence in Korea for centuries. The conflict grew. Japan's victory gave it control of Korea. Japan also seized Taiwan, which was known as Formosa from the time of Portuguese colonization in the 16th century until the end of World War II.

Phrenologists

People who studied skull sizes and shapes, believed that a smaller skull size proved the mental feebleness of Africans, indigenous Americans, and Asians. These ideas have been proven false.

Charles Darwin

British scientis whose 19th century theory of evolution by natural selection stated that over a million of years, biological competition had "weeded out" the weaker species in nature and that the "fittest" species were the ones that survived.

Social Darwinism

Some thinkers adapted Darwin's theory of biological evolution to society, creating a theory of "survival of the fittest."

David Livingstone

From Scotland, he worked in Sub-Saharan Africa to end the illegal slave trade.

East India Company (EIC)

The English monarch granted this company a royal charter in 1600 giving it a monopoly on England's trade with India. After driving the Portuguese out of India, the company traded primarily in cotton and silk, indigo, and spices.

Dutch East India Company

In 1602 the Dutch government gave this company a monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and the Straits of Magellan at the southern tip of South America. This company concentrated on the islands around Java, replacing the Portuguese who had controlled the region. Corruption and debt led the government to take control of the company's possession in 1799, creating the Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia).

Suez Canal

Completed in 1869, this canal connecting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

Corvée Laborers

Most of the labor done on the Suez Canal was done by 1.5 million Egyptians. Many of them were unpaid workers who were forced to work on the project as a form of taxation.

Sierra Leone

Established in 1787, this was a home for freed people from throughout the British Empire who had been enslaved.

Settler Colony

France drove the Ottomans out of Algeria in 1830. By 1870 Algeria had become a _______ ________, attracting Spanish, Italian, and Maltese as well as French immigrants.

"Scramble for Africa"

Tensions mounted among industrialized European nations as they competed for natural resources in Africa. Leaders feared that the _______ _______ _______, the competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa, would lead to war.

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa. No Africans were invited to the conference. European powers peaceably agreed to colonial boundaries and to the free movement of goods on Africa's major rivers such as the Niger River and the Congo River.

Afrikaners

The descendants of 17th century Dutch settlers, who moved east of the Cape Colony, where they came into conflict with indigenous groups, including the Zulus, with whom they fought several wars.

Boer Wars (1880-1881, 1899-1902)

Throughout the 19th century, the British and Afrikaners continued to fight over land. This conflict came to a boil in the _________ _______. These conflicts were bloody and brutal. In the end, the British army drove the Afrikaners and the Africans from their lands, forcing many into refugee camps.

Concentration Camps

These settlements, which were segregated by race, came to be known as ____________ ____________. Medical care and sanitation were very poor, and food rations were so meager that many of the interned died of starvation. Once news arrived in Britain about the wretched conditions of the camps, activists tried to improve the lives of displaced refugees. However, while white camps received some attention, conditions in black camps remained terrible. Of the 100,000 blacks interned in these camps, nearly 15,000 perished.

King Leopold II of Belgium

He oversaw the invasion and pacification of the Congo in central Africa in order to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion.

Liberia

a country founded by formerly enslaved people from the United States.

Abyssinia

Italy attempted to conquer Abyssinia in 1895, but the native forces were too strong for the Italians.

Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

Portuguese, France, and England competed for control of India's spices, gems, and trade with regions to the east, Portugal established a coastal trading port on the southwestern coast, in Goa, in the early 16th century. However, it never extended its control inland. France established trading posts in the 17th century. However, its loss to Britain in the global conflict known as the ________ _________ _________ drove the French out of India.

Spheres of Influence

China did not experience imperialism in the same way that South Asia or Africa did. It maintained its own government throughout a period of European economic domination. As a result of superior military strength, European nations carved out ________ _________ _______ within China over which they had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources.

Taiping Rebellion

This rebellion began in 1850, failed civil servant applicant Hong Xiuquan and starving peasants, workers, and miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. With the help of some warlords along with French and British intervention, the Qing's prevailed in 1864.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Encouraged the Boxers and in 1900 ordered that all foreigners be killed. However, most of the estimated 100,000 people who were killed were Chinese Christians.

Boxer Rebellion

Only about 200-250 foreigners died during this rebellion. The empress and the Qing court suffered a humiliating defeat that undermined their legitimacy. Western powers and influence continued to erode Chinese sovereignty in subsequent years.

Colonization Society

Established in 1893, leaders began plans to establish colonies in Mexico and Latin America. Japan set up an empire in East Asia that included parts of China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and Pacific islands that lasted from the 1890s until the end of World War II.

Penal Colony

After the loss of its American colonies, Britain began to consider the possibility of establishing various kinds of settlements in Australia, finally deciding to locate a ________ ________ there. In 1788 the first convicts, along with some free settlers, arrived in Australia, and the east coast became known as New South Wales.

Maori

Indigenous people of New Zealand.

Trail of Tears

During the 19th century, the United States continued taking land from indigenous peoples, as Europeans had done since Columbus arrived. One notorious episode was the forced relocation of Eastern Woodlands peoples from the Southeast to a new Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. So many Native Americans died from this exposure, malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion, that this forced migration became known as the _________ __________ ___________.

Monroe Doctrine

Issued by James Monroe in 1823, this doctrine stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere. Implied in this doctrine was a desire to be an imperial power in the Americas. This desire played out in the U.S. war with Mexico (1845-1848), through which the United States gained vast territories in the Southwest from Mexico.