Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and details related to chloroplasts and their role in photosynthesis, as discussed in the lecture.

What is the primary function of the chloroplast in plant cells?

To carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Which organisms contain chloroplasts?

Plants, algae, phytoplankton, and some bacteria.

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis?

Oxygen.

Why do plants release oxygen during photosynthesis?

Oxygen is a byproduct and is not needed by the plants.

What kind of energy transformation occurs during photosynthesis?

Light energy is transformed into chemical energy.

What are the two main pigments found in chloroplasts?

Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B.

What role do pigments play in chloroplasts?

They absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

Why do plants appear green?

They reflect green light and absorb other wavelengths.

What are carotenoids in relation to chloroplasts?

A family of pigments that can change color in leaves, reflecting red, orange, and yellow.

What is the stroma in a chloroplast?

The thick fluid inside the inner membrane that contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

What is the structure called that is formed by stacked thylakoids?

Granum.

What is the role of thylakoids in chloroplasts?

They are the site where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

What happens to chlorophyll in the fall?

Chlorophyll breaks down, exposing carotenoids and changing leaf colors.

What does the term 'autotrophic' mean?

Organisms that can produce their own food using light, water, and carbon dioxide.

How do chloroplasts contribute to the food chain?

They create energy that supports all forms of life through photosynthesis.

What is the significance of the double membrane structure of chloroplasts?

It is a common feature in many organelles, providing compartmentalization.

What is endosymbiosis in relation to chloroplasts?

The theory that chloroplasts were once independent organisms that were incorporated into eukaryotic cells.

What are photosystems?

Protein and pigment complexes in thylakoid membranes that play a crucial role in photosynthesis.

What are the two types of photosystems involved in photosynthesis?

Photosystem 1 and Photosystem 2.

How do photosynthetic organisms obtain energy from sunlight?

By converting solar energy into stored chemical energy in glucose.

What are the main components needed for photosynthesis to take place?

Light energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

What role do decomposers play in relation to photosynthetic organisms?

They break down dead organisms, returning nutrients to the soil, which benefits plants.

Why is the chloroplast considered a vital organelle for life on Earth?

It is essential for the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy, supporting the food chain.

What does the term 'intermembrane space' refer to in chloroplasts?

The space between the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast.

How does light energy contribute to the formation of glucose in photosynthesis?

Light energy powers the reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.