medieval civ final keywords

what is a cracow/poutaine?

a boot or show with a very long pointed toe

when was the cracow/poutaine worn?

the end of the 14th century

what were the sibling cultures?

the cultures formed after the fall of the holy roman empire

what cultures made up the sibling cultures?

latin west, Byzantium, Islam

what is a cult of relics?

the Christian veneration of physical objects connected to holy people or significant events, believing they hold divine power for healing, protection, or revelation

what is mixed farming?

a system of agriculture which combines the raising of livestock with the cultivation of arable crops

what is the fish event horizon?

the sudden, massive increase in marine fish consumption and long-distance trade of preserved fish

what transition was marked by the fish event horizon?

the shift from local freshwater fishing to commercial seafaring

what is the intestinal parasite that Richard iii had?

roundworms

what are the four skeletal signs of malnutrition?

cribra orbitalia, osteoporosis, harris lines, enamel hypoplasia

what is the possible cause of cribra orbitalia and osteoporosis?

anemia

what are harris lines the result of?

childhood malnutrition

what is enamel hypoplasia a sign of?

excessive stress

what causes enamel hypoplasia?

carcinogenic bacteria

what is the corpus iuris civilis?

massive collection of laws and jurisprudence, intended to consolidate Roman legal tradition

what are the four parts of the corpus iuris civilis?

codex (the code), digesta (the digest), institutions (the institutes), and novellae (the novels)

what is the codex?

contains constitutions issued by emperors from Hadrian to the present

what is the digesta?

collection of juridical opinions by jurists, mostly of 2nd and 3rd centuries

what are the institutions?

textbook for law school students, designed as a beginning guide to the digest

what is the novellae?

collection of new imperial constitutions added after 534, later supplemented with novels from subsequent emperors

what is the solidus?

a solid gold coin, the dollar of the middle ages

what was the Islamic golden age?

a period of scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing

what is incastellamento?

the construction of numerous castles and fortified villages for defense against invasions and local conflicts

what is the domesday book?

a manuscript record of the great survey of much of England and parts of wales completed in 1086 at the behest of William the Conqueror

how many words are in the domesday book?

2,000,000

how many place-names are in the domesday book?

14,000

how many landholdings are in the domesday book?

45,000

what were the results of the commercial revolution?

growing trade networks, population growth, increased political clout of artisans and merchants, new technology, increased monetization, growth of credit

what is a commenda?

sharing of risks and profits in overseas trade

what happens in a commenda?

stay-at-home party (lender) lends capital to traveling party (borrower)

what does the lender bear the risk of and gain?

bears the risk of capital and takes 3/4 profit

what does the borrower bear the risk of and gain?

bears the risk of labor/travel and takes 1/4 profit

what is a bill of exchange?

an informal letter ordering one merchant to pay another in a distant city, acting like a check to facilitate cashless trade and avoid hauling gold

what was the trivium?

the three ways of liberal arts: grammar, logic, rhetoric

what was the quadrivium?

the four ways of liberal arts: arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy

what is a peasant (general description)?

agriculturist and/or pastoralist of lower social status

what are the requirements to be a peasant based on agrarian studies?

rural cultivator, produces large part of what they consume, access to land but not ownership, surplus given to rent

requirements to be a serf:

has a lord, bound to a particular plot, subject lordly/manorial justice, owes corvee, has certain labor duties, pays chevage or chiefage, owes formarriage or merchet, pays mainmorte

what is lordly/manorial justice?

subject to the personal justice of their lord

what is corvee?

arbitrary labors demanded by the lord

what are labor duties usually assigned to serfs?

manuring, marling, ditch-digging, fencing

what is chevage or chiefage?

head tax, paid annually to lords

what is formarriage or merchet?

permission must be given to marry someone from outside the manor, in exchange for a fee

what is mainmorte?

payment to lord upon inheritance

what is a customs-charter?

list of the rules and regulations for a

what does a customs-charter guarantee?

the freedom of the inhabitants, but records obligations to lord and seigneurial privileges

single village community

what is the postan thesis?

the growing population in the 13th and 14th centuries was faced with land hunger, that small landholdings predominated, that land reclaimed from the edges of the fens, moors, woods, and marshes was of poor quality, that the fertility of soils declined, and that the average expectation of life declined during the century after 1250

what is the brenner thesis?

the transition from feudalism to capitalism wasn't primarily driven by population or market forces, but by agrarian class structures and class struggle

what is papal primacy?

the catholic doctrine that the Pope holds supreme, universal authority over the entire Christian Church

what is descending legitimacy?

primarily rests on the divine right of kings, claiming god directly grants power, making monarchs accountable only to him, not earthly powers like parliaments

what is ascending legitimacy?

a ruler's power and right to rule originate from the will or consent of the people or the community they govern

what is Eleanor of Aquitaine famous for?

she was the only woman to be queen of both France and englans, had political power and influence in both kingdoms, and was the mother of two English kings Richard i and john

what was Frederick II known for?

his incredible intellect, patronage of arts and sciences, and a cosmopolitan court blending Christian, muslim, and jewish cultures, but also for his intense conflicts with the papacy, which led to multiple excommunications and a reputation as a free-thinker

what is the investiture controversy?

a major power struggle between popes and European monarchs, primarily the holy roman emperors, over who had the right to appoint bishops and abbots

what is the magna carta?

a historic English charter from 1215 that established the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to the law, limiting royal power and protecting certain rights for "freemen," influencing modern democracy, constitutional law, and human rights documents

what is feudalism?

the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

what is a knight?

a mounted, armored warrior of noble birth, serving a lord or king in exchange for land, status, and wealth, bound by a code of chivalry emphasizing honor, loyalty, and protection, typically after extensive training as a page and squire

what are ministerials?

a unique class of unfree servants who became powerful, elite knights and administrators, serving lords as military and bureaucratic personnel, often holding fiefs, land, and titles, eventually becoming indistinguishable from the free nobility

what is chivalry?

a warrior's code of conduct for knights, emphasizing bravery, honor, loyalty, and courtesy, influenced by feudalism, Christian ethics, and courtly romance

what were minnesinger?

German poet-musicians who composed and performed songs about idealized, often unattainable, courtly love

what were trouveres?

poet-composers in Northern France who created secular songs about courtly love, valor, and daily life in Old French

what were troubadours?

poet-musicians in Southern France, renowned for composing and performing songs, often about courtly love, chivalry, politics, and satire in Occitan

what were trobairitz? female troubadours

who was the comtessa de dia?

a female troubadour that wrote a song about courtly love

what are the characteristics of high medieval efflorescence?

demographic and urban growth, new institutions and technologies, shift in geopolitical and economic hegemony, state, church, and institutional centralization, artistic, lerary, and architectural accomplishments

what is double-entry book-keeping? every transaction affects at least two accounts and balances must match

what were guilds?

powerful associations of craftsmen and merchants that controlled trades, set quality standards, fixed prices, provided social welfare, and managed training through apprentice systems

what were champagne fairs?

an annual cycle of trade fairs which flourished in different towns of the County of Champagne in Northeastern France

what characterizes gothic architecture?

soaring heights, abundant light, and intricate designs, using key innovations like pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses to create lighter, taller, and more ornate structures with large stained-glass windows

who was duccio di buoninsegna? an Italian painter active in Siena, Tuscany, in the late 13th and early 14th century

what famous painting was done by duccio di buonisegna?

maesta

what was the great schism? the formal split that divided mainstream Christianity into the roman catholic church in the west and the eastern orthodox church in the east

what are the three similarities between the roman catholic church and the eastern orthodox church? basics (theology, sacraments, liturgy), nicene trinitarianism and chalcedonian Christology, seven ecumenical councils

what are the three differences between the roman catholic church and the eastern orthodox church?

ecclesiological (hierarchy and apostolic succession, papal primacy, clerical celibacy), liturgical (language, leavened/unleavened bread), theological

what was pope innocent III known for?

dramatically increasing papal power, launching major Crusades, approving the Franciscan and Dominican orders, and convening the pivotal Fourth Lateran Council

what was saint francis known for?

his radical poverty, deep love for animals and nature, founding the Franciscan Order, and embodying Christ's love through service, particularly to the poor and sick, famously receiving the Christ's wounds

what was saint clare known for?

founding the Poor Clares (Clarissines), a contemplative order, following St. Francis, and living a life of radical poverty

what were the Franciscans?

members of a Catholic religious family, inspired by St. Francis of Assisi, dedicated to living the Gospel through radical poverty, humility, and service to the poor and marginalized, emphasizing love for all creation

what were the Franciscans known for?

their mendicant lifestyle (begging for alms) and preaching, and are split into various orders for men (like Friars Minor, Capuchins), nuns (Poor Clares), and lay people

what was saint dominic known for?

founding the Dominican Order, emphasizing preaching, teaching, and combating heresy through reason and prayer, and is famously associated with the Rosary, which legend says he received from the Virgin Mary

who were the Dominicans? members of the Order of Preachers, focused on preaching the Gospel through study, prayer, community, and preaching

what was the fourth lateran council? a pivotal church council focused on church reform, combating heresy, and reinforcing papal authority by establishing doctrines like transubstantiation and mandating annual confession/Communion

what is kiddush ha shem?

rabbinical concept referring to behavior that honors the jewish community by bringing honor to "the Name" of God, and not :desecrating His name"

what was the Almohad caliphate? second of two berber dynasties of maghreb

what are the steppes?

a vast, continuous belt of temperate grasslands, stretching from Eastern Europe across Central Asia to Manchuria and Siberia

what was Chinggis khan known for?

unifying the Mongol tribes and creating the largest contiguous land empire in history, known for its brutal conquests, military genius, and establishing the foundational laws and administration for the vast Mongol Empire

what are yam?

post stations every 40-50 km along the trade routes, stations with horses, feed for authorized travelers

what are paiza? official sign/travel document

what were the ulus?

historical Mongol/Turkic political entities representing territories or divisions of a larger empire

what was the yuan dynasty known for?

unifying China, promoting vast cultural exchange via the Silk Road, developing blue-and-white porcelain, advancing printing and paper money, and fostering arts like drama, while also facing internal strife and eventual rebellion

what was marco polo known for?

his epic journey to China with his father and uncle, documenting the advanced cultures, immense wealth, and new products like paper money and coal

what was the il-khanate?

Mongol successor state ruling Persia and the Middle East

what was the il-khanate known for?

integrating Persian administration with Mongol rule

who were the guelphs?

a medieval Italian political faction supporting the Pope against the Holy Roman Emperor

who were the Ghibellines?

a powerful political faction in medieval Italy, supporting the authority of the Holy Roman Emperors against the Papacy

what is dante Alighieri known as?

the "Father of the Italian Language" for using the Florentine dialect in his major works, elevating it to a literary standard, and for his philosophical writings

what is the divine comedy?

an epic Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, written in the 14th century, that chronicles the author's fictional journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Heaven (Paradiso)

what is terza rima?

an Italian verse form using three-line stanzas (tercets) with an interlocking rhyme scheme (aba, bcb, cdc, etc.)

what was pope Boniface viii known for?

his staunch defense of papal power, clashing intensely with King Philip IV of France over taxation of clergy, asserting ultimate papal authority, establishing the first Holy Year (Jubilee) in 1300, and compiling the Corpus Juris Canonici