Chapter 9 – Solutions, Electrolytes & Properties of Mixtures

50 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapter 9 lecture notes on solutions, electrolytes, solubility, concentration units, osmotic properties, and types of mixtures.

A __ is a homogeneous mixture formed when one or more solutes dissolve in a solvent.

solution

In a solution, the substance present in the larger amount is called the __.

solvent

The substance present in the smaller amount in a solution is the __.

solute

The rule that solutions form when solute and solvent have similar polarities is often stated as “__.”

like dissolves like

When NaCl dissolves in water, water molecules surround each ion in a process called __.

hydration

Ionic and polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, whereas non-polar solutes require __ solvents.

non-polar

A substance that dissociates 100 % in water and conducts electricity is called a __ electrolyte.

strong

Substances that dissociate only slightly in water are classified as __ electrolytes.

weak

A compound that dissolves as molecules and produces no ions in water is a __.

nonelectrolyte

The amount of an ion that supplies one mole of charge is known as an __.

equivalent (Eq)

Typical clinical electrolyte concentrations are expressed in __ per liter (mEq/L).

milliequivalents

The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature is its __.

solubility

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute is __.

unsaturated

A solution holding the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature is __.

saturated

A solution that temporarily contains more dissolved solute than it should at that temperature is __.

supersaturated

For most solids, solubility __ as temperature increases.

increases

For gases, solubility __ as the temperature rises.

decreases

Henry’s law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the __ of the gas above the liquid.

pressure

Water flowing through a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration is the process of __.

osmosis

The pressure required to stop osmosis is called __ pressure.

osmotic

A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as blood cells is __.

isotonic

Red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution undergo __ (they burst).

hemolysis

Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution undergo __ (they shrink).

crenation

When an external pressure greater than the osmotic pressure forces water through a membrane, the process is called __ osmosis.

reverse

Mixtures with medium-sized particles that scatter light but do not settle are __.

colloids

Heterogeneous mixtures with very large particles that settle out are known as __.

suspensions

A __ membrane allows only small particles or ions to pass while blocking larger ones.

semipermeable

In diffusion, solute particles move from to concentration.

higher; lower

The concentration unit defined as grams of solute per 100 g of solution is __ percent.

mass (m/m)

The concentration unit defined as milliliters of solute per 100 mL of solution is __ percent.

volume (v/v)

The concentration unit defined as grams of solute per 100 mL of solution is __ percent.

mass/volume (m/v)

__ is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molarity (M)

In a dilution, the relationship between initial and final concentrations and volumes is expressed by the equation __.

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ (or M₁V₁ = M₂V₂)

During dilution, the amount (moles) of solute __.

remains constant

Sports drinks are formulated to quickly replace body __ lost through perspiration.

electrolytes

Low sodium levels in the blood result in the condition called __.

hyponatremia

High potassium levels that can affect heart function are referred to as __.

hyperkalemia

The toxic compound produced from amino acid catabolism that is converted to urea is __.

ammonia (NH₃)

The laboratory technique that separates mixture components based on different travel speeds through a medium is __.

chromatography

In centrifugation, components separate based on differences in __.

density (or mass) using centripetal force

A concentrated reagent used to prepare less-concentrated solutions by dilution is called a __ solution.

stock

Removing a measured fraction of a stock solution for dilution is taking an __.

aliquot

The phrase “don’t drink water while studying… concentration decreases upon adding water” is a chemistry joke referencing the concept of __.

dilution

Because the kidneys can only produce urine that is less salty than seawater, drinking seawater ultimately leads to __.

dehydration

A gas/solid solution such as smoke exemplifies a __ aerosol type of colloid.

solid

Milk is an example of a liquid-in-liquid colloid known as an __.

emulsion

A 0.9 % (m/v) NaCl intravenous fluid is __ with blood plasma.

isotonic

The electroneutrality condition in a solution states that total positive charge __ total negative charge.

equals