Biology Midterm

12.13.22

How does a plant respond to the environment

by turning towards the sun

Example of an adaption

Abmeoba has a structure that allows it to pump out excess water from it's body

what does a horse gain energy from

the grass it eats

when does a Caterpillar undergo dramatic changes

as it grows and develops

what are all organisms composed of

cells and cells are the smallest unit of life

levels of organization from simple to complex:

molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

cells work together to form

tissues

tissues that function together make

organs

the molecular level:

DNA, proteins, carbs, and lipids

genetics

the study of heredity

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Botany

study of plants

Ecology

the study of the environment

what is a hypothesis

an attempt to explain an event or a set of observations

what are carefully designed experiments useful for

testing hypotheses

what are the 2 parts of an experiment

the experimental set up and the control set up

what is a microscope

an instrument that produces enlarged images of a specimen. The best light microscope can magnify up to 1500 times.

the parts of the microscope:

body tube, revolving nose piece, scanning, high power objective, low power objective, stage clips, diaphragm, light source, ocular lens, arm, stage, coarse focus, fine focus, and base

ocular lens:

10x magnification

low power objective:

10x magnification, 100x total magnification

high power objective:

40x magnification, 400x total magnification

what does good resolution mean

the image is clear

what is an atom

the smallest particle of an element that has the element's properties

what are the 3 particles that make up an atom

proton, neutron and electron

first energy level in an atom:

can hold a maximum of 2 electrons

atomic number:

determined by the number of protons in an element

atomic mass:

determined by the number of protons and neutrons in an element

organic molecules:

any molecule with carbon including the carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

inorganic molecules:

water, carbon dioxide or CO2, and carbon monoxide or CO are inorganic molecules

carbon:

has 6 electrons - 4 are available for bonding

functional groups:

groups of atoms that carry out chemical reactions

monomer:

small building block molecules

polymers:

molecules made by linking 2 or more monomers

dehydration:

process of removing water to form a compound

hyrolysis

process of splitting a molecule with water

what are 3 elements that make up carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are monosaccharides

glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose

what are the disaccharides

sucorse (table sugar), and lactose (milk sugar)

What are polysaccharides

chitin, cellulose, glycogen, and starch

chitin:

exoskeleton of certain animals

cellulose:

cell walls of plants, gives plants support

glycogen:

how animals store excess sugar

starch:

how plants store excess sugar

what are the lipids

fats, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids

peptide:

consist of 2 or more amino acids and they make up proteins

saturated fats:

like butter are made of fatty acids containing no double bonds

aminoo acid:

contains an amino functional group and a carboxyl functional group and the peptide bond forms between these two groups when amino acid bond to each other

enzymes:

proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body

cell theory:

all biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life comes from preexisting cells

diffusion:

net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmosis:

diffusion of water

hypotonic solution:

the concentration of solutes is lower than the concentration f solutes inside the cells so water moves into the cell

hypertonic solution:

the concentration of solutes is higher than the concentrations of solutes inside the cells so the water moves out of the cells

isotonic solution:

concentration of solutes is equal

active transport:

uses energy to take molecules across the membrane

bulk transport:

moves large molecules across the membrane

endocytosis:

brings in large molecules in bulk

exocytosis:

removes large molecules in bulk

cell cycle:

phases of the life of the cell

interphase:

period of growth prior to division

cell division:

made up of mitosis and cytokinesis

what happens during the s phase of interphase

the chromosomes replicate

phases of mitosis:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

gametes:

sexual reproductive cells that result from meiosis

zygote:

single cells that result from sexual reproduction

what are homologous pairs

matching pairs of chromosomes

Meiosis 1:

separates homologous pairs of chromosomes

meiosis 2:

separates sister chromatid

trait:

any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring

hybrid:

gets different genetic information from each parent

each of Mendel's traits:

occurred in 2 distinct observable forms

purebred plants:

produce only plants like themselves when they self fertilize

recessive trait:

what Mendel called the trait that did not show up in the hybrid

allele:

different versions of a gene for the same trait

genotype:

the actual genetic makeup of an organism

heterozygous:

an organism with 2 alleles for a trait that are different

Punnett Square:

a grid that shows all the possible results of a genetic cross

incomplete dominance:

not dominant or recessive alleles, the heterozygote shows an in between of the 2 homozygous phenotypes

co dominance:

when both homozygous phenotypes show up in the heterzygous

example of co dominance:

AB blood type

examples of polygenic traits:

eyes, skin and hair color

(Know how to work all types of genetic problems that we have covered up to midterm.)

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linked gene:

when genes are close together on the same chromosome

sex-linked gene:

applies to the genes that are located on the sex chromosome

(know how to work sex linked problems and pedigree.)

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what did Walter Sutton say

chromosomes are the basis of heredity

what did Theodor Boveri say

male sperm nuclei and female egg nuclei were equivalent in the amount of hereditary information

what did Bateson and Punnet do

they co-discovered gene-linkage and re-did Mendel's experiments

Recombinants:

result of crossing over

what did Thomas Hunt Morgan do

conducted statistical studies of the way genetic traits are passed on in fruit flies

Down Syndrome mutation:

\-non-disjunction

\-trisomy 21

\-moon face

\-thick or protruding tongue

Klinefelters Syndrome mutation:

\-non-dis-junction

\-trisomy 23

\-only in males

\-have feminine features

Cri du chat syndrome mutation:

\-structural

\-deletion of the 5th chromosome

\-cat like cry

\-small head, low birth weight

Turner's Syndrome mutation:

\-non-disjunction

\-monosomy

\-webbed neck, short stature

\-only in women

What did Nettie Stevens do

one of the first scientists to find that sex is determined by a particular configuration of chromosomes