Immigration, the Gilded Age & Progressivism

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Consumer Spaces

Places where consumers spent time; became open to women in the late 1800s; The Circus; First-class railcars; Increased distinction between classes; Changes in shopping/leisure habits; increase in Department Stores

Middle Class Americans

Growing group due to industrialization lived in suburbs, managers, salesmen

Amendment 16

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Amendment 17

Direct election of senators

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Comstock Act (1873)

Prohibited circulation of almost any information about sex and birth control

Child Labor Laws

laws that control the work that children are permitted to do

upward mobility

an increase—or upward shift—in social class

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Amendment 18

Prohibition of alcohol

Amendment 19

Women's right to vote

Amendment 20

President takes office on January 20th instead of March 4th.

Mail-order products

as mentioned above, mail order had a huge impact on rural folk and one thing it did psychologically was enable rural people to feel less "civilized" than those in the cities since they could order from the catalog the same things city people used; this helped lessen the division between city and country people.

Eugenics

science dealing with improving hereditary qualities

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

\-Two great leaders of the black community in the late 19th and 20th century

\-Booker T Washington

Gradual change

Blacks should earn their rights

Economic gains rather than legal gains

\-WEB DuBois

Immediate change

Blacks should be given rights

Founded NAACP for the advancement of colored people

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Liberal Arts

A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership.

Women's education

\-more middle class girls were attending high school and graduating

\-new Women's Colleges were established

Rise of Sports

Changing workforce to more sedentary desk jobs created need for athletic training, hence YMCA adapted from Britain opened in Boston in 1851.

YMCA

Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities

Negro Leagues

All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II.

Muscular Christianity

was an evangelical movement led by Charles Kingsley, who believed in the combination of the Christian and chivalric ideals of manliness.

National Audubon Society

Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.

National Park Service

A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

New Women

Term used to describe career-oriented women in the United States in the 1920s; they sought increased social and political rights.

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Atlanta Compromise

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Realism

artistic representation that aims for visual accuracy

Victorian Architecture

The revival and aesthetic architecture decor. Furnishings popular in english speaking countries during the reign of queen victoria of england. Rapid changes of styles as a consequence of aesthetic contreversy and technologycal innovations.

Victorian Fashion

women's gowns developed narrow and sloping shoulders, low and pointed waists, and bell-shaped skirts

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

women in the temperance movement

* formed the Women's Christian Temperance Union
* publicized the evils of alcohol
* connected drinking with family violence
* \

National Association of Colored Women

An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.

National American Suffrage Association

1890 led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony. Two competing American women's suffrage advocacy groups united.

Scientific Management

the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian in the early 20th century best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" in which he argued that the spirit and success of the United States was directly tied to the country's westward expansion.

Frederic Howe

Epitomized the City Beautiful movement.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

1856-1915

\*Created the basis for the scientific management of business in his quest for efficiency

\*Used shops and large plants as models and succeeded in spreading his ideas on efficiency to several industries

\*Wrote books on the subject of scientific management

Hiram Johnson

A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican govenor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

form and function

A big idea in science that asks the learner to consider the shape of an object and how it relates to what it does. Form changes evolve over time as functions change.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Immigration in the Gilded Age

Immigration explosion due to Europeans fleeing persecution or overcrowding. Asian immigrants came to the west coast in search of gold and other riches.

Dumbell Tenements

Cheap housing units created when cities became packed with people during the industrial revolution. They were termed dumbbell tenements due to the design of the building, which looked like a dumbbell with many housing units sharing a corridor.

New York City in the Gilded Age

The diversity of the nation's cities was nowhere more on display than in the nation's largest city, New York. At the turn of the twentieth century New York City was the national capital of finance, industry, shipping and trade, publishing, the arts, and immigration, a magnet that drew to it much of the best and most avant-garde in art and literature. With a population of more than three million in 1900 and 4.7 million by 1910, New York was more than twice as populace than Chicago, the nation's second-ranked city, three times as large as third-ranked Philadelphia, and six to nine times as large as St. Louis, Boston, Baltimore, and Cleveland, all urban centers of immigrants. \n \n Photograph of Mulberry Street in New York City, 1900. The street is very busy, full of people and carts and vendors. \n \n Mulberry Street in New York City, c. 1900. Image courtesy Library of Congress. \n \n By 1910, New York's millionaires had built palatial mansions along much of Fifth Avenue, while, at the same time, many New Yorkers lived in poverty. The Lower East Side was the most crowded neighborhood on earth, housing tens of thousands in ill-lighted, overcrowded tenements, many without running water, flush toilets, or electricity. An 1893 observer in this section of the city wrote of the "fermenting garbage in the gutter and the smell of stale beer" and the sight of exhausted sweatshop workers toiling away, sewing clothes for the garment industry.

Industrial CIties

Primarily commercial centers motivated by competition; developed around factories, transport and communication systems

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

mutual-aid society

An urban aid society that served members of an ethnic immigrant group, usually those from a particular province or town. The societies functioned as fraternal clubs that collected dues from members in order to pay support in case of death or disability.

Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

Vaudeville Theater

A professional stage show popular in the 1880s and 1890s that included singing, dancing, and comedy routines; it created a form of family entertainment for the urban masses that deeply influenced later forms, such as radio shows and television sitcoms.

Ragtime

A type of music featuring melodies with shifting accents over a steady, marching-band beat; originated among black musicians in the south and midwest in the 1880s

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Why did middle class workers dislike immigrants?

Immigrants were at the ready to take the jobs of unionized workers and would be unknowingly subordinate to machine governments and corporations.

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Migration in the Gilded Age

Many wealthy families moved to more rural locations to escape the fast nature of city life.

City Beautiful Movement

Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

Hull House-Jane Addams

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

social settlement

A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf. Social settlements became a nationally recognized reform strategy during the Progressive Era.

National Consumers League

formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.

Women's Trade Union League

Women's Trade Union League

a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Party Patronage

Rewarding faithful party workers and followers with government employment and contracts.

Grover Cleveland Assasination

Killed due to party patronage ideals

"waving the bloody shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Pendleton Act (1883)

Bill that outlawed compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees and established the Civil Service Commission.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Lodge Bill (1890)

Measure that called for federal intervention in the matter of black voting rights if 100 citizens of any district expressed need/desire for it; didn't pass, but it could have helped blacks get govt. intervention in elections

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Hepburn Act (1906)

This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records.

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Bureau of Corporations

part of the Department of Labor created in 1903. The Bureau was given authority to investigate corporations and issue reports of their activities.

recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

Laissez-faire economics

Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.