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Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within an organism to sustain life.
Catabolism
The breakdown of molecules, primarily to produce energy.
Anabolism
The synthesis of molecules, which requires energy.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The "energy currency" of the cell, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Redox Reactions
Processes where electrons are transferred between substances, leading to changes in their oxidation states.
Oxidation
A chemical process that involves the loss of electrons.
Reduction
A chemical process that involves the gain of electrons.
NADH
A coenzyme that acts as an electron carrier, derived from NAD⁺ and contributes to ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation.
FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide)
A coenzyme similar to NAD⁺ that also acts as an electron carrier, producing FADH₂ via reduction.
Monosaccharides
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar units like glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides, such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Glycolysis
The process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP and NADH.
Krebs Cycle
Also known as the citric acid cycle; it processes acetyl-CoA to produce NADH, FADH₂, and GTP.
Oxidative phosphorylation
The final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced through the electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
Cori Cycle
A metabolic pathway that recycles lactate produced in muscles back into glucose in the liver.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
A parallel metabolic pathway to glycolysis that generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.
Glycogenolysis
The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose for energy.
Glycogenesis
The synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules for storage.
Lactic acidosis
A buildup of lactate in the blood that can lower pH, often seen in severe infections or hypoxia.
Insulin
A hormone that stimulates glycogen synthesis by promoting glucose uptake and storage.
Glucagon
A hormone that stimulates glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose levels during fasting.
