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entropy
measures disorder or spontaneity of system (S)
enthalpy
measures the heat transferred (H)
positive S
increase in disorder/spontaneity
negative S
decrease in disorder/spontaneity
S, H, G = 0
equilibrium
positive H
endothermic
negative H
exothermic
positive G
thermodynamically unfavorable (reaction unlikely)
negative G
thermodynamically favorable (reaction likely)
when is G thermodynamically favorable?
positive S, negative H
thermochemistry
study of how heat changes in chemical reactions
heat
total kinetic energy transferred between substances measured indirectly in J, cal, kcal
temperature
average kinetic energy of a substance measured directly
hess law
when going from reactants to products, the enthalpy change is the same no matter how many steps