MOL100H23 lecture 2 chemical foundations

studied byStudied by 5 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Molekyler

1 / 51

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

52 Terms

1

Molekyler

Definisjon:Molekyler er sammensatt av to eller flere atomer som er bundet sammen ved kjemiske bindinger.

New cards
2

Celler

Definisjon:Celler er de grunnleggende enhetene for liv og utgjør byggesteinene i alle levende organismer.

New cards
3

Sakkarider (sukker)

Definisjon:Sakkarider er en type karbohydrater som fungerer som en viktig energikilde i cellene.

New cards
4

Proteiner

Definisjon:Proteiner er store molekyler som er involvert i mange biologiske funksjoner, inkludert struktur, transport og katalyse av kjemiske reaksjoner.

New cards
5

Lipider

Definisjon:Lipider er en gruppe molekyler som inkluderer fettstoffer, oljer og fosfolipider, og spiller en viktig rolle i energilagring og cellestruktur.

New cards
6

Nukleinsyrer (DNA+RNA)

Definisjon:Nukleinsyrer er molekyler som bærer genetisk informasjon og er ansvarlige for overføring av arvelige egenskaper.

New cards
7

Prokaryote celler

Definisjon:Prokaryote celler er en type celler som mangler en kjerne og andre membranbundne organeller.

New cards
8

Eukaryote celler

Definisjon:Eukaryote celler er en type celler som har en kjerne og andre membranbundne organeller.

New cards
9

Kovalente bindinger

Definisjon:Kovalente bindinger er kjemiske bindinger der atomer deler elektroner for å oppnå stabilitet.

New cards
10

Ikke-kovalente interaksjoner

Definisjon:Ikke-kovalente interaksjoner er svakere bindinger mellom molekyler som ikke involverer deling av elektroner.

New cards
11

Elektronegativitet

Definisjon:Elektronegativitet er evnen til et atom til å tiltrekke seg elektroner i en kjemisk binding.

New cards
12

Polar binding

Definisjon:En polar binding er en kjemisk binding der elektronene er skjevt fordelt mellom atomene, noe som resulterer i en ladningsforskjell.

New cards
13

Ikke-polar binding

Definisjon:En ikke-polar binding er en kjemisk binding der elektronene er jevnt fordelt mellom atomene, noe som resulterer i ingen ladningsforskjell.

New cards
14

Elektrostatisk (ionisk) interaksjon

Definisjon:Elektrostatisk interaksjon er en type ikke-kovalent interaksjon der positivt og negativt ladde ioner tiltrekker hverandre.

New cards
15

Hydrogenbinding

Definisjon:Hydrogenbinding er en type ikke-kovalent interaksjon der en delvis positivt ladet hydrogenatom i et molekyl tiltrekker seg en delvis negativt ladet atom i et annet molekyl.

New cards
16

Van der Waals-interaksjoner

Definisjon:Van der Waals-interaksjoner er svake interaksjoner mellom molekyler som oppstår på grunn av midlertidige forskjeller i ladning.

New cards
17

Asymmetrisk karbonatom

Definisjon:Et asymmetrisk karbonatom er et karbonatom som er bundet til fire forskjellige atomer eller atomgrupper.

New cards
18

Stereoisomerer

Definisjon:Stereoisomerer er to eller flere molekyler som har samme kjemiske formel, men forskjellig romlig struktur.

New cards
19

Kiralitet

Definisjon:Kiralitet er egenskapen til et molekyl å eksistere i to forskjellige speilbildeformer, kjent som enantiomerer.

New cards
20

Biologisk aktivitet

Definisjon:Biologisk aktivitet refererer til evnen til et stoff eller molekyl å påvirke biologiske prosesser eller systemer.

New cards
21

Dipol

Definisjon:En dipol er et molekyl eller en del av et molekyl som har en positiv ladning på den ene enden og en negativ ladning på den andre enden.

New cards
22

van der Waals interactions

Weak interactions between molecules that occur due to transient differences in charge, also known as transient dipoles.

New cards
23

hydrophobic interactions

Interactions between nonpolar molecules and water molecules, where water forms "cages" around the nonpolar molecules.

New cards
24

molecular complementarity

The basis for the 3D structure of macromolecules, such as proteins, and the binding between proteins and other macromolecules.

New cards
25

polymers

Large molecules consisting of many smaller subunits called monomers, which are connected by covalent bonds.

New cards
26

amino acids

The monomeric subunits of proteins, consisting of an alpha carbon bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain.

New cards
27

peptide bond

The bond formed between amino acids in a protein.

New cards
28

hydrophobic amino acids

Amino acids with nonpolar side chains.

New cards
29

hydrophilic amino acids

Amino acids with polar side chains, which can be basic, acidic, or not charged.

New cards
30

"special" amino acids

Amino acids with unique properties, such as cysteine, which can form covalent disulfide bonds, and glycine, which provides flexibility to a protein.

New cards
31

zwitterions

Amino acids in cells that exist as both positively and negatively charged ions.

New cards
32

nucleic acids

Biomolecules, such as DNA and RNA, that carry genetic information and are composed of nucleotide monomers.

New cards
33

nucleotides

The monomeric units of nucleic acids, consisting of a pentose sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.

New cards
34

purines

Bases in DNA and RNA, such as adenine and guanine, that have a double ring structure.

New cards
35

pyrimidines

Bases in DNA and RNA, such as cytosine, thymine, and uracil, that have a single ring structure.

New cards
36

DNA double helix

The structure formed by two strands of DNA binding together through complementary base pairing.

New cards
37

Monosaccharides

The individual units or monomers of polysaccharides.

New cards
38

Polysaccharides

Large molecules made up of multiple monosaccharide units.

New cards
39

Pentoses

Monosaccharides with five carbon atoms.

New cards
40

Hexoses

Monosaccharides with six carbon atoms.

New cards
41

Aldehyde group

A carbonyl group located at a terminal carbon atom.

New cards
42

Ketone group

A carbonyl group located at an internal carbon atom.

New cards
43

Aldose

An aldehyde sugar.

New cards
44

Ketose

A ketone sugar.

New cards
45

Glycosidic bonds

Bonds that connect monosaccharides to form polysaccharides.

New cards
46

Ring structures

Monosaccharides often form ring structures in watery solutions.

New cards
47

Linear and branched polysaccharides

Polysaccharides can have linear or branched structures due to the many hydroxyl groups present in monosaccharides.

New cards
48

Phospholipids

A type of lipid that forms the main component of cell membranes.

New cards
49

Amphipathic

Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

New cards
50

Lipid bilayers

Phospholipids can assemble into double-layered structures called lipid bilayers.

New cards
51

Ester bonds

The bonds that connect fatty acids to glycerol in phospholipids.

New cards
52

Phosphate group

A functional group that is part of phospholipids and forms ester bonds with glycerol.

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 25 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 54 people
... ago
5.0(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 206 people
... ago
5.0(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (50)
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (103)
studied byStudied by 46 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (41)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (60)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 67 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (30)
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot