GENSOC: L1 CONCEPTS AND RELATED TO GENDER STUDIES

Sex Characteristics

a person’s physical traits that indicate their biological sex, such as chromosomes, external genitalia, gonads, hormones, and internal reproductive organs

Primary Sex Characteristics

Traits present at birth, such as vaginas and penises.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Traits that develop during puberty, such as larger breasts and Adam’s apples.

Intersex

The primary and/or secondary sex characteristics or the combination of their biological traits differ from the two expected patterns of “female” and “male,” and therefore cannot be easily categorized as either of them

Intersex characteristics can either be present at birth or develop during puberty

Intersex characteristics can either be present at ____ or develop during _______

Hermaphrodite

to describe intersex people has negative connotations/implications

1%

How many percentage of population is intersex?

• 1 million intersex Filipinos

• 70 million intersex people worldwide!

In 1% population of intersex people, how many these population in worldwide and Filipino population?

Sex Assigned at Birth

categorizes a person as female or male and is based on external genitalia

female or male

In most countries, including the Philippines, infants can only be assigned either ____ or _____

Assigned Female at birth

if an infant or fetus has a vagina, they’re:

Assigned Male at birth

if an infant or fetus has a penis, they’re

Gender

encompasses these cultural and societal expectations of how girls, women, boys, and men should be.

femaleness/womanhood or maleness/manhood

Gender is categorizes a person’s

_____________________ based on sex assigned at birth

doctors and/or parents

Intersex youth with ambiguous genitalia is assigned a sex by their ______________.

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE:

Doctors often perform surgeries to match the intersex person’s genitalia with their sex assigned at birth and the gender their parents raise them as. However, These medical interventions are reversible and done without the consent of intersex youth

Gender Identity (GI)

a person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender, whether as female, male, or another identity, which may or may not align with their sex assigned at birth

Cisgender (CIS)

If your gender matches your sex assigned at birth, you’re ______________

cisgender woman or a cis woman

if you’re a woman who was assigned female at birth, you’re ___________

cisgender man or a cis man

if you’re a man who was assigned male at birth, you’re ___________

Transgender

• your gender doesn’t align with your sex assigned at birth

• an umbrella term that describes people whose gender doesn’t match their sex assigned at birth.

Gender Binary

a spectrum with woman on one end and man on the other (GENDER SPECTRUM), but not all people think of gender this way

Non-Binary Genders

genders outside of the woman man binary and spectrum, have existed throughout history across many cultures, including the Philippines

Babaylan (Visayan) and Katalonan (Tagalog)

were spiritual leaders during the pre-colonial times

FALSE: Only women were allowed to become a

babaylan or a katalonan

TRUE OR FALSE:

Everyone were allowed to become a babaylan or a katalonan

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE:

On the occasion that men were chosen as spiritual leaders, they had to live the life of a woman — some of them even had male partners.

FALSE: It starts at the age of 21

TRUE OR FALSE:

At the age of 25, male stop growing physically (ex: size of genital)

experiences

Gender Identity might change depending on someone’s _______________

Religous Conservatism

a perspective that reject the idea that there are another gender

Glass Ceiling Theory

• a theory explains that you can see a certain opportunity but it’s hard to break through because of hidden inequalities

• “Transparent wall”

1. Pagtanggi sa tradisyunal na papel ng lalaki

2. Pagdamit at pag-arte bilang babae

3. Pagtanggap ng komunidad

4. Pag-aasawa o kasintahang lalaki

4 phases of man being a babaylan

Hijra

an umbrella term for the Indian transgender community, who claim that they are neither women nor men but a separate third gender

Two-spirit

• an umbrella term coined by indigenous people of Turtle Island (North America) to represent people of diverse genders, or indigenous people who don’t fall under the strict gender roles of woman or man, and its definition varies from nation to nation

Bayogin

may gawi o kilos ng babae sa sinaunang lipunang Pilipino

Non-heteronormative

it does not follow the idea that only heterosexual relationship are normal or natural.

Agender

• you don’t identify your self with any gender at all

Bigender

You identify yourself with 2 genders, either woman or man.

Gender fluid

• a gender that can adapt

• it can be submissive or dominant

Gender queer or Queer

you don’t want to be treated as woman or man but to treat as “another” (not others)

Transitioning

a usually-long, complex, and personal process that transgender people undergo to live as their true selves.

1. Internal

2. Social

3. Legal

4. Medical

4 modes of transitioning

Internally Transition

a transgender person has already come out to themselves as

transgender.

Social Transition

• involves coming out to one’s family, friends, schoolmates, or coworkers.

• It also encompasses using a gender

  affirming name and/or pronouns, changing the way one acts or speaks, wearing clothes that match one’s gender, and other similar gender-affirming acts.

Legal Transition

Involves changing one’s name or sex/gender marker in legal

documents, such as birth certificates.

Medical Transition

encompasses hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or gender-affirming surgery

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE:

Using the phrase “SEXUAL REASSIGNMENT SURGERY” has negative connotations/implications.

No, it is on a case-to-case basis.

In the Philippines, is legal transition the same for everyone?

Yes, but only if it is a derivative or short form of their legal name.

Can transgender people in the Philippines legally change their name?

Only intersex transgender people.

Who are allowed to change their sex/gender marker in the Philippines?

Yes, medical transitioning is possible.

Is medical transitioning (like hormones or surgery) possible in the Philippines?

It depends on case-to-case court decisions and has strict limitations.

What makes legal transition difficult in the Philippines?

Transexual

people who have undergone or are currently undergoing medical transitioning, i.e., hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and/or gender affirming surgery

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE:

All transgender people can or want to medically transition.

Gender Expression

the external appearance of a person’s gender, usually expressed through behavior, clothing, haircut, names, pronouns, or voice, which may or may not conform to their gender identity or to socially defined behaviors and characteristics typically associated with being either feminine or masculine.

No, gender expression does not determine or change gender identity. A person’s identity is internal and deeply felt, regardless of how they express themselves.

Does gender expression affect gender identity?

Gender identity affects gender expression because it shapes how people want to present. But external factors may cause someone’s expression to look different from their true identity.

Does gender identity affects gender expression

Gender expression

can be related to gender identity, as women are expected to be feminine, and men are expected to be masculine.

androgynous gender expression

when someone’s clothing, appearance, or mannerisms combine or blur traditional male and female styles.

Gender Conforming

When one’s gender expression aligns with them gender identity

Gender non-conforming

when one’s gender expression doesn’t match their gender identity.

Yes. Cisgender or transgender women who express themselves in androgynous or masculine ways are considered gender non-conforming.

Can cisgender women be gender non-conforming?

Not necessarily. GNC describes expression, not identity—a person can be cisgender or transgender and still be gender non-conforming.

Does gender non-conforming mean someone is transgender?

Sexual Orientation (SO)

a person’s inherent and enduring capacity for emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to people of a different gender, the same gender, or more than one gender (

Transanimal (identity)

People identifying across species.

Infatuation

romantic attraction only

no stings attached

sexual attraction only

LOVE

both have emotional and romantic attraction

Heterosexual

if you’re a man attracted to people of a different gender than yours (women, for example), or vice-versa.

Gay

• if you’re attracted to people of the same gender as yours.

• can describe both men attracted to other men and women attracted to other women

Lesbian

more commonly used if you’re a woman attracted to other women.

Monosexual

labels that refer to attraction to people of one gender.

• Heterosexual

• gay

• lesbian

Monosexual are the following:

Bisexual

an umbrella term that describes attraction towards people of more than one gender

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE:

Homosexuality is a phenomenon not a disorder.

they are attracted regardless of gender expression and sexual orientation.

What are the similarities between Omnisexual and Pansexual?

Omnisexual

considered as gender minorities

Omnisexual has a certain standard while Pansexual doesn’t have as long as there’s attraction and mutuality.

What are the differences between Omnisexual and Pansexual?

Polysexual

being attracted to multiple genders, but not necessarily all genders.

Queer

• different, non-normative, or outside of the cishet (cisgender + heterosexual) majority.

• “treat me as another”

Sexually fluid (or sexual fluidity)

• a person’s sexual orientation or attraction can change over time depending on experiences, feelings, or relationships.

• adapting

Asexuality

• a person experiences little to no sexual attraction to others.

• not even romantically or emotionally

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE:

Asexual people can still do masturbate

It stands for Queer and Questioning.

What does the “Q” in LGBTQIA+ stand for?

Queer

• used to be a slur towards the LGBTQIA+ community.

• It was reclaimed in the 1980s and is now a radical and transgressive umbrella term for people whose sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression does not conform to societal cisgender-heterosexual norms.

Questioning

• used to refer to people who are still in the process of exploring their sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression

The + in LGBTQIA+

stands for all other gender and sexual minority identities that are not part of the first seven letters, recognizing the diversity of sex, gender, and sexuality.

PEOPLE OF DIVERSE SOGIESC

Instead of using the initialism “LGBTQIA+”, some use the phrase ___________________ because it’s more inclusive of gender non-conforming people who are not lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, or asexual.

Because sexual orientation reflects that attraction is not a choice, while preference wrongly implies it is.

Why should we use the term “sexual orientation” instead of “sexual preference”?

Because “homosexuality” was historically used by the APA to label same-gender attraction as a mental illness. This pathologizing view has long been discredited since the 1970s by the APA, WHO, and other institutions.

Why should we use “being gay/lesbian” instead of “homosexuality”?

Because “straight” implies that people who are not heterosexual (asexual, bisexual, gay, lesbian) are “crooked,” which is inaccurate and stigmatizing.

Why should we use “heterosexual” instead of “straight”?

They should be used as adjectives (e.g., “she is asexual”) instead of nouns (e.g., “she is an asexual”). Lesbian can be used both as a noun and an adjective.

How should terms like asexual, bisexual, and gay be used?

It should be used to describe a group or community (e.g., “a member of the LGBTQIA+ community”), not an individual person (e.g., avoid saying “he is an LGBTQIA+ person”)

How should the initialism LGBTQIA+ be used correctly?

Because these labels can erase bisexual identities in same-gender relationships. It’s better to ask people how they want to be described or avoid labeling couples/relationships when unnecessary.

Why should we avoid terms like “homosexual/gay/lesbian couple” or “homosexual relationship”?

Because “gay” or “same-sex” erases other sexual minority and transgender identities, while marriage equality is more inclusive.

Why should we use “marriage equality” instead of “gay marriage” or “same-sex marriage”?