AP Biology Exam Review

Flashcards for vocabulary review.

Name

: -Rey-

Monomer

A small repeating subunit that makes up a polymer.

Polymer

A large molecule made of repeating monomer subunits.

Macromolecules

Large organic molecules essential to life - Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Dehydration Synthesis

Releases water; used to create polymers connected by covalent bonds; anabolic; endergonic

Hydrolysis

Uses water; used to break polymers into monomers by breaking covalent bonds; catabolic; exergonic

Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, resulting in regions of partial positive and partial negative charge.

Non-Polar Molecule

A molecule with an even distribution of charge.

Solvent

A substance that dissolves another (a solute) in order to form a solution.

Cohesion

Water molecules attracted to each other.

Adhesion

Water molecules attracted to other molecules

Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance.

Specific Heat

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius.

Acid

A substance that increases the H+ concentration in a solution.

Base

A substance that reduces the H+ concentration in a solution.

Buffer

A substance that minimizes changes in H+ and OH- concentrations in a solution.

Monosaccharides

Monomers of carbohydrates

Disaccharides

Dimers of carbohydrates, formed by linking two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Polymers of carbohydrates, formed by linking many monosaccharides.

Saturated Fatty Acid

Fatty acids with no double bonds, straight chains, solid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Fatty acids with double bonds, kinked chains, liquid at room temperature

Amphipathic

Having both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region.

Amino Acid

Monomer of a protein, containing a carboxyl group, amino group, central carbon, and variable R group.

Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Secondary Structure

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups (alpha helix or beta pleated sheet).

Tertiary Structure

3D shape of a protein stabilized by interactions between R groups (hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds).

Quaternary Structure

The association of two or more polypeptide chains into one functional protein.

Nucleotide

Monomer of a nucleic acid, containing a nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and sugar (deoxyribose or ribose).

Enzyme

A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Substrate

The reactant an enzyme acts on.

Active Site

The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Competitive Inhibition

Something competes for the active site; can be overcome with more substrate

Non-Competitive Inhibition

Attaches at the allosteric site and changes the shape of the enzyme so it is not functional; can not be overcome with more substrate

Coenzyme

An organic molecule that is bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. Ex: NAD and vitamin B

Cofactor

Inorganic molecule that is bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. Ex: Zinc and Magnesium

Endergonic Reaction

A reaction that takes in energy.

Exergonic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy.

Cell Membrane

Made of phospholipids,integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycolipids, and glycolipids

Passive Transport

Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis. No energy required

Active Transport

Protein Pumps, Co-transport, Bulk Transport

Hypertonic

Higher solute concentration

Hypotonic

Lower solute concentration

Isotonic

Equal solute concentration

Prokaryotic Cell

No membrane-bound organelles, single circular chromosome

Eukaryotic Cell

Membrane-bound organelles, multiple linear chromosomes

Nucleus

Contains DNA, surrounded by nuclear membrane, has nuclear pores, nucleolus, and chromatin

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis, free vs. bound

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER (lipid synthesis) vs. Rough ER (protein synthesis)

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

Vacuoles

Plant vs. Animal vacuoles

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers that support the cell

Centrosomes + Centrioles

Organize microtubules

Cilia and Flagella

Aid in movement

Endomembrane System

Protein synthesis and secretion

Mitosis

creation of new body cells (somatic cells) with 46 chromosomes each (diploid cells/2n = two sets of chromosomes

Meiosis

Cell division to create gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes (23) of a somatic cell (haploid cell/n = one set of chromosomes)

Tumors

Cells divide too frequently, do not show density-dependent inhibition or anchorage dependency

Reception

Target cell's detection of a signal molecule

Transduction

Conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a particular cell response

Response

Specific cellular response to the signal molecule

Ligand

signal molecule

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, stores cell's genetic material

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, carries information from DNA to the ribosome

Mutation

changes in DNA sequence; can be harmful/neutral/increase genetic diversity

Trp Operon

repressible; anabolic pathway; used to make enzymes that help make tryptophan if none is present

Lac Operon

inducible; catabolic pathway; used to make enzyme to break down lactose when it is available

Steroid hormone

Can diffuse easily through the cell membrane, binds with receptor in cytoplasm of cell, which then acts as a transcription factor.

Protein hormone

Cannot diffuse easily through the cell membrane, binds with receptor on the cell membrane, signal transduction occurs, eventually acting as a transcription factor.

Genetically modified Organisms

makes crops are more hearty, larger, or healthier

Bacterial Transformation

DNA is uptaken from other bacteria

Bacterial Transduction

virus transfers DNA between two bacterias

GMO

Scientific concensus, that they are healthy for human consumption

Repressor is naturally INACTIVE

Will make tryptophan

Repressor is naturally ACTIVE

It will block gene transcription unless lactose binds and makes repressor INACTIVE

Transduction

conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a particular cell response

Allele

a form of a gene

Homozygous

two of the same alleles

Heterozygous

two different alleles, also known as hybrid

Punnett squares

Used to predict characteristics offspring for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses

Codominance

both genes expressed at once

Incomplete Dominance

blended phenotype

Linked Genes

found on the same chromosome and inherited together during cell division

Fitness

The ability to survive and reproduce

Analogous Structures

Different structures, evolved separately, deal with same problem

Homologous Structures

Similar structure, evolved from common ancestor, can have same function but could be different.

Gradualism

Slower and smaller changes

Punctuated equilibrium

quicker and more abrupt changes

Allopatric Speciation

different place

Sympatric Speciation

same place

Autotophs

organism that uses energy from the sun to produce their own food

Heterotrophs

organism that must eat food

mesophyll

tissue of leaf

Stroma

open space within the chloroplast

Glycolysis

Glucose broken apart → 2 Pyruvate

Intermembrane space

Space between outer and inner membrane that facilitates atp transfer.

Inner Membrane

inner most membrane of mitochondria, highly folded

Chemo receptors

sense chemicals

Mechanoreceptors

sense physical change