Chem2 Quiz 2

All the hormones that will make you cry, burn things, and smile

hormones

chemical instructions that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin and muscle tissue

Tropic hormones

target endocrine glands and are produced by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Effector hormones

hormone that acts on a particular tissue

endocrine hormones

chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and released directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions

Endocrine system

continuously monitors the amount of hormones in your blood to create balance

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus

• thyrotropin-releasing hormones

• dopamine

• Growth hormone

• somatostatin

• Gonadotropin releasing hormone

• corticotropin-releasing hormone

• Oxytocin

• vasopressin

What hormones are released from the pineal gland

melatonin

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland

• growth hormone

• Thyroid stimulating hormone

• adrenocorticotropic hormone

• Follicle stimulating hormone

• luteinizing hormone

• prolactin

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland

• Oxytocin

• vasopressin

• oxytocin stored

• antidiuretic hormone stored

What hormones are produced from the thyroid

triiodothyroxnine

thyroxine

TRH in the anterior pituitary

becomes TSH

TRH end organ

thyroid

TRH product or action

T4 and T3

CRH product or action

• cortisol

• aldosterone

• estrogen

• testosterone

CRH end organ

adrenal cortex

CRH anterior pituitary

becomes ACTH

GnRH anterior pituitary

becomes LH and FSH

GnRH end organ

ovaries or testes

GnRH product or action

ovulation or spermatogenesis

GHIH/GHRH anterior pituitary

becomes GH

GHIH/GHRH end organ

soft tissues and bone

GHIH/GHRH product/action

pituitary giant, acomegaly, impaired gluose tolerance, glatactohea

PTF anterior pituitary

becomes PRL

PTF end organ

breast tissue

PTF product/action

lactation

Posterior pituitary functions more as a ______

large storage area for hormones

ADH plays what role in the body?

• elevates blood pressure

• regulates water

ADH’s overall reaction in the body?

increases water retention via kidney

Decreased levels of ADH cause what two things?

• polyuria

• diabetes insipidus

Oxytocin plays what role in the body?

stimulates uterine contractions and milk let down

Enocrine

secreted into the ducts

paracrine

neighboring cells are affected

autocrine

sends messages to self

intracrine

regulates intracellular activities

juxtacrine

cell to cell, next door neighbor essentially

what are growth factors

any group of proteins that stimulate the growth of specific tissues promoting cell differentiation, inflammation, and tissue repair

what can send secrete GF

neighboring cells, distant tissues, glands and tumors

What is the difference between negative and positive feedback loops?

Negative: inhibit and slows process and maintain homeostasis

Positive: amplification of an output signal, breaks down homeostasis

What is a diurnal rhythm?What does it mean?

The circadian rythm synced with day and night. Higher in morning
ex. Cortisol is higher in the morning

steroids are synthesized from

cholesterol

steroids are _____ soluble

lipid

what are three classes of steroid hormones what hormones do they produce?

1. mineralcorticoids- aldosterone

2. Glucocorticoids- cortisol

3. Sex hormones

   • androgens- testosterone

   • Estrogens- estradiol

protein/ polypeptide bind _____ _____ receptors?

cell membrane

Protein/polypepties require a _____ _____ messenger?

water soluble

Amino acid-derived hormones are transported in the plasma, _____ ____ _________.

bound to proteins

What do each of the following mean when we are catagorizing endocrine disorders?

tertiary

secondary

primary

tertiary- hypothalamic issue

secondary- pituitary issue

primary- end organ issue

Hypersecretion, what do we want to do to help?

supress it

Hyposecretion, what do we want t do to help

stimulate it

Hypersecretion of ADH disorder is

SIADH

SIADH=

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH

____ ADH despite _____ serum osmolarity

increase, low

What are three factors in diagnosing SIADH?

1. hypoosmolarity

2. urine osmo > serum osmo

3. urine Na> 20-25mEq/L

Hyposecretion of ADH is a classic disorder of what

Diabetes insipidus

_____ ADH (Hyposecretion)

Low

What tests help diagnose hypo secretion

water deprivation test with hourly urine osmo measurments

Parahypopituitarism is hypofunction of the ______ pituitary with decreased levels of what?

anterior; all pituitary hormones (below)

• growth hormone

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone

• adrenocorticotropic hormone

• Follicle-stimulating hormone

• luteinizing hormone

• prolactin

Simmonds disease is caused by

physical damage

Sheehans disease is caused from what?

pituitary infarction following postpartum hemorrhage

Sheehans syndrome is more common where?

third world countries

Where are the parathyroid glands

within the thyroid

What do the glands regulate?

serum calcium

Which hormone increases and decreases Ca?

PTH- increases Ca+

Calcitonin- decrease Ca+

What are the important roles of Ca?

• make up bones and teeth

• muscle coordination

• hormone secretion

• glycogen metabolism

• cell division

How much of Ca is bound to protein

40-45%

How much Ca is ionized or active

45-50%

What happens when iCal when the sample is exposed to air

ionized calcium decreases in alkalemia

What happens to the ical when the sample is sitting on the cells for too long?

ionized Ca increases in acidemia

What is the important roles of phosphorous?

• high-energy phosphate bond in ATP

• many enzyme systems; NADP, 2,3-DPG

• Phosholipid cell membranes

What hormone controls phosphorous?

PTH

VitD2 (ergocalcoferol) is from what orgin

plants/fish

Vit D3 (cholecalciferol) is from what origin

animal, sunlight

What is the NET effect of PTH

increase serum calcium, decreased phosphate

What enzyme changes Vit D2 and D3 to calcidiol? where in the body is this done?

25 hydroxylase

What enzyme changes calcidiol to calcitriol? Where in the body is this done?

1 alpha hydroxylase, kidney

What is the primary regulator of PTH?

ionized calcium

how do Mg++ and phos stimulate the release of PTH?

decrease Mg stimulates PTH

increased phos stimulates PTH

what is the half life of PTH?

less than 5 min

PTH effects → overall ______ calcium levels

increase

What is the effect of PTH on bones?

causes bone to be reabsorbed, followed by an increase in bone formation

What is the effect of PTH on kidneys?

enhances calcium reabsorption in the DCT and reduces calcium excretion

Whats is the effect of the PTH on the intestines?

stimulate intestinal transport of calcium and phosphorus indirectly

What happens to phos at bone, kidneys, and intestines with PTH?

bone→ phosphorus releases from the bone

kidneys→ increased phosphorus excretion

intestines→ increased phosphorus absorption

PTH: Overall ______ phosphorous levels

decrease

Normal calcium levels

8.6-10.3mg/dl

critical calcium levels

<6 and >13

Hypocalcemia main causes and symptoms

causes: hypalbuminemia, impaired renal absorption, hypoparathyroidism, vit D deficiency

symptom: tetany, seizures

pseudohypocalcemia; most common cause of apparent…

hypocalcemia

Pseudohypocalcemia; there is decreased______.

albumin

Hypoparathyroidism; most common cause….

• removal or damage

• target organ resistance

In hypoparathyroidism there is … (3)

1. decreased plasma calcium

2. decreased plasma PTH

3. increased plasma phosphorus

hypercalcemia main causes and symptoms

causes: primary hyperparathyroidism, bone metastasis, MM, renal failure

symptoms: fatigue, malaise, weakness

What # level of ca do you see with malignancies? causing a _____ in Ca

>13mg/dl, increase

PTH surgery for hyperparathyroidism: what percentage of drop in PTH value needs to be seen within ____ minutes post excision for surgery to be considered sucessful?

15, 50%

Phosphorous normal values

2.3-4.8 mg/dl

Phosphorous critical values

<1 and >9 mg/dL

Vit D deficiency in adults name

Osteomalacia

Vit D deficiency in children name

Ricketts

25-OH -D is a prehormone known as:
We use this test to verify a patients:

• active vitamin D

• overall vitamin D status

1,25-OH2-D is the active hormone known as:

Why would we run this test?

• calcitriol

• check for ricketts and hyperthyroidism

Follicullar cells: The _____ is in the center surrounded by the ____ _____.

colloid, follicular cells