Final Study Guide: Body Systems, Genetics, and Evolution
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37 Terms
Nervous System
Forms and transmits nerve impulses
Muscular System
Movement, posture, heat production
Excretory System
Eliminates waste, maintains water balance
Digestive System
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients
Respiratory System
Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out)
Circulatory System
Transports nutrients, gases, hormones
Skeletal System
Support, protection, blood cell production
Interphase
Growth and DNA replication
Prophase
Chromatin condenses, spindle forms
Metaphase
Chromosomes align at the equator
Anaphase
Chromatids separate
Telophase & Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforms, cell splits
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Nucleotides
Phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + nitrogen base
Base Pairing
A-T, G-C
Shape of DNA
Double helix
Semi-conservative replication
1 old + 1 new strand per molecule
Diploid (2n)
Somatic/body cells
Haploid (n)
Gametes (sperm/egg)
Crossing Over
Exchange of genetic material for variation
Zygote
Sperm + egg
Homologous Chromosomes
Same genes, same order
Genetic Recombination
Variation due to meiosis and crossing over
Genotypic Ratio
1:1
Phenotypic Ratio
1 short : 1 long
Blood Type A
AA or Ai
Blood Type B
BB or Bi
Blood Type AB
AB
Blood Type O
ii
Sex-Linked Traits
X-linked recessive
Silent Mutation
No change in protein
Missense Mutation
One amino acid changes
Nonsense Mutation
Stop codon inserted prematurely
Transcription
DNA → mRNA
Translation
mRNA → Amino Acids (using codon table)
Darwin's 4 Principles
Variation, Overproduction, Adaptation, Descent with modification
Fitness
Survival + Reproduction