4 pharma endo

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Last updated 2:19 PM on 6/25/26
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Q1. Enumerate Pharmacological Effects of Glucocorticoids

  1. Increase blood glucose

    • ↑ Gluconeogenesis

    • Anti-insulin effect

  2. Increase lipolysis and fat redistribution

    • Moon face

    • Buffalo hump

  3. Protein breakdown

    • Muscle wasting

    • Osteoporosis

    • Growth retardation

Electrolyte effects

  1. Sodium retention

  2. Potassium excretion

  3. Decreased calcium absorption

Hematological & CVS effects

  1. Raise blood pressure

  2. Stimulate erythropoiesis

CNS effects

  1. Mood changes

    • Euphoria

    • Depression/Psychosis

Anti-inflammatory effects

  1. Strong anti-inflammatory effect

  2. Immunosuppressive effec

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Q2. Enumerate Therapeutic Uses of Glucocorticoids

  1. Replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency

    • Addison’s disease

  2. Anti-inflammatory therapy

  3. Immunosuppressive therapy

  4. Prevention of transplant rejection

  5. Shock

  6. Thyrotoxic crisis

  7. Promotion of fetal lung maturation

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Q3. Precautions of Glucocorticoids

  1. Avoid high doses whenever possible

  2. Gradual withdrawal (Never stop suddenly)

  3. Diet:

    • Low sodium

    • High potassium

    • High calcium

    • High protein

  4. Monitor:

    • Weight

    • Blood pressure

    • Blood glucose

    • Cholesterol

    • Blood counts

  5. Regular spine X-ray

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4. Enumerate Preparations of Glucocorticoids.

➪ Short-acting: Hydrocortisone, cortisone

➪ Intermediate: Prednisone, prednisolone

➪ Long-acting: Dexamethasone

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