A&P Chapter 14

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45 Terms

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Endocrine System

Uses hormones

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Hormone Classifications

Derived from cholesterol, pass easily through a cell, bind to receptors in nucleus, synthesize new proteins, and alter the metabolism of the cell.

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Protein-based Hormones

Can't penetrate the cell, bind to receptors on the surface, activate a secondary messenger system, and cause a cascade process to produce a second messenger.

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2nd Messenger

Activates enzymes that influence cellular reactions.

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Pituitary Gland

Master Gland; Exerts more influence on body processes

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Anterior Pituitary

Tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine cells to release their hormones.

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Posterior Pituitary

Stores hormones produced by the Hypothalamus.

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

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Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

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Prolactin-releasing hormone

Promotes secretion of prolactin.

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Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Inhibits secretion of prolactin.

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Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH).

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone.

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Prolactin

Stimulates milk production in females and makes the testes more sensitive to LH in males.

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries of females and sperm in testes of males.

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates ovulation and estrogen/progesterone synthesis in females and secretion of testosterone in males.

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Growth hormone (GH)

Promotes protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and bone and skeletal muscle growth.

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Negative Feedback

A systems response that reduces the processes leading to the output to bring stability back.

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Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

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Control of Pituitary Secretions

The central nervous system monitors conditions and triggers hormone release as needed.

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Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Classes include Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Sex steroids.

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Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone; act on the kidneys to store Na+ and secrete K+.

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Glucocorticoids

Cortisol; helps the body adapt to stress, repair damaged tissue, and maintain normal blood pressure.

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Sex steroids

Include Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

CRH released in response to stress, travels to the Pituitary gland, which releases ACTH to the Adrenal glands to release cortisol.

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Cortisol

Designed to give the body a burst of energy, increases heart rate, blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose.

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Pineal Gland

Primarily responsible for secreting Melatonin and may regulate the timing of puberty.

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Thymus

Produces Thymosin and Thymulin

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Thymosin

Crucial for the development and maturing of T cells.

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Thymulin

Helps in the development of specialized T cells.

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Thyroid

The largest endocrine gland, consists of two large lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called Isthmus.

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Thyroid hormones

Include Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine, responsible for the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development.

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Calcitonin

Helps in the regulation of calcium levels in the body.

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Parathyroid gland

Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Produced by the Parathyroid, works with Calcitonin to regulate calcium levels, maintain bone density, muscle function, and nerve signaling.

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Calcium Homeostasis

Regulation of blood calcium levels.

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Pancreas

Produces several hormones necessary for the body, including Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, and Gastrin.

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Insulin

Lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake from the bloodstream into cells.

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Glucagon

Raises blood sugar by stimulating the liver to release stored sugar into the bloodstream.

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Somatostatin

Inhibits the release of insulin, glucagon, and gastrin.

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Gastrin

Stimulates the stomach to produce Hydrochloric Acid and gastric motility.

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Gonads

Include Ovaries and Testes; primary sex organs that secrete estrogen and testosterone.

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Chief role of insulin

Stimulate cells to take up glucose.