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Endocrine System
Uses hormones
Hormone Classifications
Derived from cholesterol, pass easily through a cell, bind to receptors in nucleus, synthesize new proteins, and alter the metabolism of the cell.
Protein-based Hormones
Can't penetrate the cell, bind to receptors on the surface, activate a secondary messenger system, and cause a cascade process to produce a second messenger.
2nd Messenger
Activates enzymes that influence cellular reactions.
Pituitary Gland
Master Gland; Exerts more influence on body processes
Anterior Pituitary
Tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine cells to release their hormones.
Posterior Pituitary
Stores hormones produced by the Hypothalamus.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Prolactin-releasing hormone
Promotes secretion of prolactin.
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Inhibits secretion of prolactin.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH).
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone.
Prolactin
Stimulates milk production in females and makes the testes more sensitive to LH in males.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries of females and sperm in testes of males.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates ovulation and estrogen/progesterone synthesis in females and secretion of testosterone in males.
Growth hormone (GH)
Promotes protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and bone and skeletal muscle growth.
Negative Feedback
A systems response that reduces the processes leading to the output to bring stability back.
Homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Control of Pituitary Secretions
The central nervous system monitors conditions and triggers hormone release as needed.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Classes include Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Sex steroids.
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone; act on the kidneys to store Na+ and secrete K+.
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol; helps the body adapt to stress, repair damaged tissue, and maintain normal blood pressure.
Sex steroids
Include Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
CRH released in response to stress, travels to the Pituitary gland, which releases ACTH to the Adrenal glands to release cortisol.
Cortisol
Designed to give the body a burst of energy, increases heart rate, blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose.
Pineal Gland
Primarily responsible for secreting Melatonin and may regulate the timing of puberty.
Thymus
Produces Thymosin and Thymulin
Thymosin
Crucial for the development and maturing of T cells.
Thymulin
Helps in the development of specialized T cells.
Thyroid
The largest endocrine gland, consists of two large lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called Isthmus.
Thyroid hormones
Include Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine, responsible for the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development.
Calcitonin
Helps in the regulation of calcium levels in the body.
Parathyroid gland
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Produced by the Parathyroid, works with Calcitonin to regulate calcium levels, maintain bone density, muscle function, and nerve signaling.
Calcium Homeostasis
Regulation of blood calcium levels.
Pancreas
Produces several hormones necessary for the body, including Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, and Gastrin.
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake from the bloodstream into cells.
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar by stimulating the liver to release stored sugar into the bloodstream.
Somatostatin
Inhibits the release of insulin, glucagon, and gastrin.
Gastrin
Stimulates the stomach to produce Hydrochloric Acid and gastric motility.
Gonads
Include Ovaries and Testes; primary sex organs that secrete estrogen and testosterone.
Chief role of insulin
Stimulate cells to take up glucose.