Ap euro midterm time period 1 + 2

Patronage

Sponsoring works of art or architecture, usually for a purpose (religious, political power, prestige, etc)

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Medicis

wealthy and powerful Italian family, patron of the arts

Pope Julius II

Major patron of Italian Renaissance art in Rome; commissioned Michelangelo's painting of the Sistine Chapel

Francesco Petrarch

Italian author and humanist; a major literary figure of the Renaissance; known as the Father of Humanism

Lorenzo Valla

humanist figure who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery using his knowledge of Latin; unwittingly undermined the political power of the Catholic Church

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. Being effective was more important than being virtuous. "The End justifies the means."

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

"Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance" as it describes mankind as divinely made and full of potential and free will

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446). Designed the dome of the Florence Cathedral (Il Duomo)

Desiderius Erasmus

Christian humanist who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe. His criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation. Wrote satirical piece In Praise of Folly

Sir Thomas More

Christian humanist author in England, wrote Utopia

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. Associated with the Elizabethan Renaissance in England.

Christian humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Northern Renaissance painter known for landscapes and depictions of peasant life; Peasant Wedding

Albrecht Durer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist from Germany, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles, Self Portrait)

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life during the Northern Renaissance period; Arnolfini Portrait

King Henry VII

Emerged victorious from the War of the Roses; England's "New Monarch" who established the Court of Star Chamber

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

Queen Mary I

English monarch and half-sister of Queen Elizabeth who was most known for her persecution of English protestants

Queen Elizabeth I

Known as 'the Virgin Queen' because she never married, established peace in England with the Elizabethan Settlement, English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, ushered in a golden age for England

Ferdinand and Isabella

"New Monarchs" of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition; known for the Reconquista and funding Columbus' voyage

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, Habsburg ruler who tried to maintain Catholic unity at the Diet of Worms; lost power as a result of the Schmalkaldic Wars and the Peace of Augsburg

King Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Catholic Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England. Fought against Dutch Revolt.

King Francis I

French king who aided German Protestant nobles to weaken the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Concordat of Bologna with the papacy to gain greater political power in France.

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of their father's reign as Queen Regent. Organized the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre which sparked religious wars in France lasting for decades.

Henry IV

Formerly known as the Huguenot leader during the War of the Three Henrys as Henry of Navarre, established peace in France when he became king and issued the Edict of Nantes. "Paris is worth a mass" - converted to Catholicism for the good of France

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII of France who reduced the power of the nobles, weakened the Huguenots in France, involved France in the Thirty Years' War on the side of the Protestants to weaken the Habsburgs and establish France as the dominant power in Europe in the mid-17th century

Dutch Revolt

This was the revolt by the Netherland against the Spanish in order to create their independent state. Example of religious warfare as Dutch Protestants fought against Catholic rule

Schmalkaldic Wars

religious wars during mid-1500s where Charles V and Catholics fought German princes and Lutherans, settled by the Peace of Augsburg

French Wars of Religion

religious civil wars between Protestantism (Huguenots) and Catholicism (French monarchy); ended with the Edict of Nantes and Henry IV

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler/prince; only Lutheran or Catholic were acceptable; weakened the power of the HRE

Treaty of Westphalia

1648 peace agreement ending the Thirty Years' War; established Dutch independence, Pope excluded from the peace talks, ruler of each state could determine religious policies, established religious pluralism in Europe, Calvinism became an officially recognized religion

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. Helped bring end to religious civil wars in France. Issued by Henry IV

Huguenots

Term for French Calvinists

St Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572. Sparked civil wars over religion in France. Orchestrated by Catherine de Medici.

Jan Hus

Early Bohemian critic of the Catholic Church In the 1400s who asserted the authority of the Bible over the authority of the Pope, burned at the stake

John Wycliffe

English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life. Translated the Bible into vernacular English. Forerunner of the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

95 Theses, started the Protestant Reformation, Diet of Worms, rejected violence against secular authority in the German Peasants' Revolt

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland who disagreed with Luther about the Eucharist; influenced the Anabaptists; failed to unite the protestant reformation when he couldn't come to an agreement with Luther at the Marburg Colloquy

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Pope Paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

John Calvin

French lawyer and theologian who became an important Protestant Reformation leader. Established theocratic rule in Geneva, Switzerland. Believed in predestination and "the elect." Argued that strong work ethic and wealth were a sign of God's favor. Major work was Institutes on the Christian Religion.

John Knox

Spread Calvinist ideas to Scotland and founded Presbyterianism.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, emphasized Catholic spirituality and "spiritual warfare" against Protestants.

Teresa of Avila

Spanish nun who reformed the Carmelite order and revived Catholic spirituality as part of the Catholic Reformation

Bartolome de las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans after touring the Spanish colonies in the New World in Destruction of the Indies.

Elizabethan Settlement

The attempt by Elizabeth to settle England's religious problems through compromise between Catholics and English Protestants

Book of Common Prayer

Protestant book of worship for the Church of England

Act of Supremacy

1534 Declared the king to be head of the English church rather than the Pope (created by Henry VIII)

Simony

The selling of church offices

Nepotism

Favoritism to relatives or family members; one of the major complaints about the Catholic Church prior to the Reformation

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Index of Prohibited Books

Published by the Holy Office after the Council of Trent; list of books forbidden by the Catholic Church for spreading Protestant or heretical ideas

Roman Inquisition

A Catholic court created to deal with the spread of heresies and Protestantism after the Council of Trent

Jesuits

Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola; part of the Catholic Reformation and response to the spread of Protestantism in Europe and overseas

Marburg Colloquy

The meeting of Zwingli and Luther to unite the protestant movement. Failed due to their inability to reach an agreement about communion.

Anabaptists

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism, not infant baptism, conformed to Scripture. Rejected secular authority.

Diet of Worms

Luther called in by HRE Charles V to recant his works and beliefs in 1521; Luther refused

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Price Revolution

increase in prices in 16th century-inflation caused by increased demand for goods due to population growth and influx of gold and silver

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries. Led to new accounting and financial practices including double-entry bookkeeping and joint-stock companies.

• Key Information for Commercial Revolution:

1. Definition: A period of economic expansion and trade growth in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.

2. Causes: Exploration, colonization, rise of capitalism, technological advancements.

3. Impact: Emergence of global trade networks, growth of merchant class, urbanization, increased wealth and economic power.

4. Long-term effects: Laid the foundation for modern global economy and capitalism.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought, maintaining a favorable trade balance. Emphasized the need for self-sufficiency and encouraged competition for colonies.

Caravel

A small, more maneuverable ship designed for open-ocean exploration

Lateen sail

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind

Astrolabe

Navigational instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Triangular trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa; raw materials transported from the American colonies to Europe; guns, gold and rum transported to Africa; enslaved persons brought from Africa to support labor in the colonies

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Encomienda system

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them Christianity.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who became the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa, now known as the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488. His voyage paved the way for the establishment of a sea route from Europe to Asia, opening up new trade opportunities.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Prominent English explorer and member of Queen Elizabeth I's court who helped found the Lost Colony at Ocracoke in North Carolina

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Habsburg-Valois Wars

rivalry between Charles V and Valois king of France, Francis I that came into conflict over disputed territory in southern France and parts of northern Italy

Sacking of Rome

After defeating the papal states supported by France, the Holy Roman Empire's forces mutinied against Charles V's orders; many churches and monasteries were pillaged; sparked tension between the HRE and the Pope in 1527

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish king and general during the Thirty Years' War who won victories for the Protestants until his death

Concordat of Bologna

1516 - Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Court of Star Chamber

An English royal court in which people had no legal rights and the king's rulings were absolute; used by King Henry VII to reign in English nobles and strengthen the monarchy

Printing press

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century; allowed for the rapid spread of ideas and increased literacy in Europe

Montaigne

French writer who developed a new form or style of writing known as the essay

Secular

Non-religious, or concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Mannerism

an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation; often featured elongated or asymmetrical figures

El Greco

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614); example of mannerism

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements; often sponsored by absolutists or the Catholic Church as a way to inspire awe

Peter Paul Rubens

Most famous Baroque artist, often focused on religious themes

J.S. Bach

Famous German Baroque composer

Gian Bernini

Baroque artist and sculptor known for creating the sculpture St. Teresa of Avila.

Fall of Constantinople

Renamed Istanbul by the Ottoman Turks, led to the Ottoman advance into eastern Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries; inspired Age of Exploration as western European states needed new trade routes around the Middle East

Siege of Vienna

(1683) Ottoman Empire attempted to invade the Austrian capital but they were stopped by Austrian and Polish forces, halting their advance into Europe