reformation

why weren’t there direct trade routes from germany to italy

mountains - alps etc

hanseatic league by water= easier

northern renaissance countries

france, low countries (belgium, netherlands, luxembourg), germany, poland, novgorod, and england

what aspects of the renaissance were appealing to people north of the alps

connection to the classics

humanism

science

education

artistic techniques (late rbaroque)

erasmus

dutch scholar of humanism

well traveled

letters with martin luther who used his translatino fo the new testament from greek into latin

universities in europe

england - oxford, cambridge

germany - erfurt, cologne, wittenburg

france - the sorbonne

feudalism decline

post plague

money over land

growth of freemen

independent nation state monarchies

reduced dependence on nobility

obsolete feudal armies

agricultural productivity

pilgrimage from north of alps

north of alps to capital of christendom; ROME

renaissance in poland

florentine artists moved there

how did northern art reflect italian renaissance ideas

humans

realism

how did northern artists differ

not much obsessipn with classics

light/dark contrast rather than color/light

engraving

dissolute household

how not to behave in society by pfocusing on everyday people

how were books made pre gutenberg’s invention

done by hand, called an illuminated manuscript

block books, fragile

what did gutenberg invent

individual metal molds that have separate letters on them, rearrangeable

printing press

book put to press fastest

bible

how many copies of bible made

20 mil

religious impacts of printing press

christian ideas were spread more easily

more direct connection to god

scientific impacts of printing press

privately acquire info

question/build off of scientific findings

language impacts of printing press

even more emphasis in writing in the vernacular

education increase

teach themselves new languages usingbible

social class impacts

books were made at a faster rate and cheaper cost so loewr class could be educated

emergence of middle class

increased literacy

roman catholic church in the midle ages

popes and clergy lived lavishy, wars were expensive, expensive projects

needed money

why did ppl buy indulgences

only clergy could read the bible

rationale was that only those who studied theology coul dbe trusted to understand the word of God

john wycliffe

english theologian who objected to indulgences

bc indulgences were not in the bible

john wycliffe’s beliefs

best way to achieve salvation was thru personal interpretation of the bible

holiness of an individual wa smore important than official office

→ normal person could be morally superior to a clergy member

luxury of clergy was wrong

john wycliffe’s solution

translated bible into english

what happened to wycliffe once he died

declared a heretic by church and burned at the stake

inquisition to find those who had a copy of his bible

nobility and wycliffe

nobility was threatened by wycliffe’s demise, demonstrated that if people questioned. theauthority of the church, they might also quesiton the authority of the nobility

why did the people follow wycliffe

he challeneged the status quo

lollards

peasants that followed wycliffe

what did lollards do

led peasant rebellions against the nobility

risked painful death

never entirely suprressed

jan hus

contemporary of wycliffe who lived in bohemia

believed in suupremacy of scripture over the word ofpope

hussites

followers of jan hus

what did jan hus do

ctranslated the bible into Czech

did jan hus choose to recant or burn

burn

jan hus’s prophecy

in 100 years, gold will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed

luther’s beliefs

questioned church officials

morals of pope

charity and giving money to the church were not the same thing

bible should be in vernacular

causes of protestant reformation

humanism

poewr of kings

dismayed by wealth of church

indulgences

wycliffe and hus

95 theses

printing press

icnreased access to bible

which monastery did lutehr join

eremite augustinians of strict observance

what was germany during luther’s time

collection of principalities losely connected to holy roman emperor

frederick the wise

protected martin luther

why would german princes support and shelter luther

shows independence from holy roman emperor

eliminate payments to the pope

confiscate wealth of catholic church

eliminate rival authority

what does luther do in seclusion

translates bible into german

why does luther condemn the revolt and back authority

needs support of princes

nothing that happens on this earth truly matters - accept your suffering here

act of supremacy

henry and future heirs named head of state nad head of new anglican church

reactions to act of supremacy

thomas more and cardinal wolsey disagreed and were charged with treason

result of act of supremacy

split with rome

what religion was king edward VI

protestant

when did king edward come to the throne

10

English book of common prayer

anglican prayers to replace catholic ones

what did cranmer do and write

wrote englihs book of common prayer

helped move anglican church towards more protestant practices

priests could marry

who replaced edward VI

mary I

what religion was mary I

very catholic

how did mary I affect religion

returned england to rome

outlawed church of england

how did mary treat protestants

promised to allow them to practice their faith

all church lands sseized and retururned to church

only catholics had power

why was mary refferred to as bloody mary

she had 280 protestant dissenters burned at the stake

thomas cranmer and mary

#1 on hit list

why did mary hate thomas cranmer

helped henry divorce her mother

educated edward VI towards protestantism

wrote english book of common prayer

why didn’t mary want her half sister to become queen

she was protestant

how did elizabeth treat both catholics and protestants

coronation ceremony was protestant, anointed by catholic bishop of carlisle

problems during elizabeth’s rule

tension btwn protestants and catholics

foreign powers believe she was illegitimate and wanted to control england

spain wanted to eliminate protestant queen

elizabethan settlement

anglican church keeps catholic rituals and hierarchy

monarc remains head of church

book of common prayer is allowed

sermon in english

nickname for elizabeth

virgin queen bc never married nor had kids

what religion was mary queen of scots

french catholic

ruled scotland to the north

what happened to mary queen of scots

captured by elizabeth after catholic invasion from scotland

excecuted bc why not

background on the spansih armada

spain wanted to overthrow elizabeth and had the power to do so

age of exploration

elizabeth told her explorers that they could pirate spanish ships

spain sends an armada of war ships to england in 1588

when was elizabeth’ss peech to the english troops at tilbury

1588

how did her actions during the spanish armada influence englands opinon of her

used religion as a unifying force

seen as genuine

faith in soldiers an dpeople

invokes nation of england rather than europe

acknowledges her own weakness as well

result of spansih armada

DEFEATS THEM, SOLIDIFIES HER POWER AND ENGLAND’S DOMINANCE

WHAT WAS THE ELIZABETHAN ERA DESCRIBED AS

golden age

what did elizabeth do politically+exploration wise

opened parliament

established colonies in north america - virginia, raleigh after one of her knights

what is raleigh named after

her knight, sir walter

who was king of england after enlizabeth

james

john calvin

responsible for the successs of the reformation otuside of germany and scandinavia

created patterns of thought that have dominated western culture throughout the modern era

calvin’s ideas on god and stuff

power of god over sniful corrupt humanity

god demanded obedience

distance between god and man was bridged by christ

theology was stern

god’s laws must be rigourosly obeyed

social and moral righteousness must be earnestly pursued

predestination

predestination

idea that people are chosen at birth by god to go to heaven/hell after they die

those that will be saved will show signs

people that are chosen to be saved

the elect

how did church respond to challenges that protestants brough forth

counter reformation

council of trent

council of trent

redefined thec atholic church’s beliefs

reinforced clerical hierarchy as valid

sacraments essential

pope as a necessary connection to god

LIMITED sale of indulgences and lavish lifestyle practices of clergy, clergy must be educated and interpret bible in vernacular

acknowledged bible and church were qually powerful, but insisted that pope’s interpretation fo bible was final

decrees were not a compromise

how did the church enforce orthodoxy

inquisition

inquisitors would target specific people like scientists, and try to convict them of heresy and burn at tthe stake

charles V

wanted to preserve relations with rome

what did charles V do to bring peace

reached a treaty with an alliance of luterhan princes within the holy roman empire

Peace of Augusburg

peace of augusburg ; what did it establish

your prince’s religion had to be yourse

peace of augsburg further details involving luthernism or catholicism

stated that a prince of the holy roman epmire of germany could be Lutheran OR catholic, but NOT CALVINIST

why didn’t the peace of augsburg not truly help

calvinists could still be charged with heresy even if they lived in a lutheran territory

if you were of a diff faith than your ruler, you had to move or face consequences

16th century europe religions of major countries (england, spain, holy roman empire)

england is anglican

spain is catholic

holy roman empire is mixed by peace of augsburg

how did france respond to reformation and other stuff

french wars of religoin btwn huguenots and catholics

what did the queen of france do about it

ordered protestants in paris massacred

who was queen of france

catherine de medici

what religion was catherine de medici

catholic

what happened on st bartholomew’s day massacre

20000 huguenots are killed

what does st bartholomew’s day massacre convince european protestants fo

catholics anre blood thirsty

how does violence in france stop

henry IV comes to power with edict of nantes

what religion was henry IV and what did he convert to

calvinist, converned to catholicism for france

what was henry and whyy did that influence his conversion

he was a politique

poliqtique

success and wellbeing of state was more important than religionw

why were politiques unpopular

no morals or conviction

why did both catholics and protestants not like him

catholics didn’t fully trust him

protestants thought he had betrayed them

henry’s solution to religion problem

edict of nantes

edict of nantes

granted religious rights to huguenots

huguentos coudl worship in areas where they were majority

could fortify and arm their towns

no repeat of st bartholomew’s day massacre

not freedom of religion, you must live in protestant town to practice protestant faith

who revoked edict of nantes

louis XIV