AP World History Semester 1 25/26

The most important political feature of the Byzantine state was a. its division of power under the tetrarchs. b. its docile acceptance of Rome's superiority. c. its republican governmental structure that resembled early Rome. d. its tightly centralized rule under a powerful emperor. e. its reliance on Achaemenid ruling principles.

d. its tightly centralized rule under a powerful emperor.

Which of the following best describes education in Byzantium? a. Basic literacy was widespread in Byzantine society. b. Byzantium struggled because of the lack of a written language. c. Only the members of the central court could read and write. d. Byzantium fell far short of the standards set in the western half of the empire. e. Byzantium made tremendous strides after its conquest of the Arabic world.

a. Basic literacy was widespread in Byzantine society.

Historians use the term "caesaropapism" to refer to a. the split between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. b. the European struggle between church and state. c. the bureaucratic revolution brought about by Julius Caesar. d. the system in which the emperor has a mixture of political and religious authority. e. the attempt by later Roman emperors to abolish the papacy.

d. the system in which the emperor has a mixture of political and religious authority.

From the sixth century on, the official language of Constantinople was a. French b. Greek c. Turkish d. Aramaic e. Latin

b. Greek

One of the causes of Byzantine resurgence was the political innovation wherein a general was given military and civil control over an imperial province or a. satrapy. b. Sasanid. c. theme. d. corpus. e. polis.

c. theme.

The main factions during Justinian's time who contested in the Hippodrome and who occasionally fought in the streets were a. the Greeks and Romans. b. the Bezant and Theme. c. gladiators and slaves. d. the Greeks and Turks. e. the Greens and Blues.

e. the Greens and Blues.

In 1071, Byzantium lost the Battle of Manzikert and control over Anatolia to the a. Sasanids. b. Ottoman Turks. c. Arabs. d. Bulgars. e. Saljuq Turks.

e. Saljuq Turks.

A direct challenge to the Byzantine emperor arose in the year 800 when the pope gave an imperial crown to the Frankish king, a. Cyril. b. Charlemagne. c. Otto of Saxony. d. Hugh Capet. e. Basil II.

b. Charlemagne.

Constantinople finally fell in 1453 to the a. Sasanids. b. Saljuq Turks. c. Ottoman Turks. d. combined armies of the English, French, and Germans. e. Mongols.

c. Ottoman Turks.

The wife of Justinian, who proved to be an invaluable adviser, was a. Olympia. b. Livia. c. Theodora. d. Belisarius. e. Hagia Sophia.

c. Theodora.

Justinian's most important and long-lasting political achievement was a. his democratic reforms. b. his religious compromise between the Roman Catholic and the Greek Orthodox churches. c. his reconquest of the western half of the Roman Empire. d. his establishment of a lasting peace with the Islamic world. e. his codification of Roman law.

e. his codification of Roman law.

In 325 C.E., in an effort to answer the Arians, Constantine brought together leading churchmen at the Council of a. Nicaea b. Rome. c. Trent. d. Antioch. e. Constantinople.

a. Nicaea

The 'bezant' a. headed the Byzantine banking industry. b. was the Byzantine gold coin that became the standard currency in the Mediterranean basin. c. was the Byzantine class of nobles who blocked imperial centralization. d. was the hereditary line of priests that dominated the Byzantine religious and social worlds. e. was one of the two main factions inside Constantinople.

b. was the Byzantine gold coin that became the standard currency in the Mediterranean basin.

What city, influenced heavily by Constantinople, was most important in the early rise of Russia? a. Moscow b. Manzikert c. St. Petersburg d. Moravia e. Kiev

e. Kiev

Theodora's career before marrying Justinian was as a a. striptease artist. b. shop owner. c. Church cleric, one of the few women to hold this position. d. lady in waiting at the central court because of her family connections. e. mother superior in a nunnery.

a. striptease artist.

Which of the following statements about Constantinople is NOT true? a. It was built in an attempt to revitalize the impoverished eastern half of the Roman Empire. b. It was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire. c. It allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid Empire in Persia. d. It was constructed by Constantine. e. It allowed the imperial court to keep watch on Germanic tribes on the Danube.

a. It was built in an attempt to revitalize the impoverished eastern half of the Roman Empire.

The adjective 'byzantine', drawn from the government of Byzantium, stands for a. an immensely powerful imperial system. b. divine sanction. c. an organization that is simple and streamlined d. a legalistic tradition. e. unnecessary complexity and convolution. e. unnecessary complexity and convolution.

The 'theme' system a. weakened the peasantry by taking their land away. b. led to the break between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. c. was the foundation of the Byzantine educational structure. d. made land available to the peasants in return for military service. e. limited the religious authority of the Byzantine emperors.

d. made land available to the peasants in return for military service.

The only classical society that survived in the centuries after 400 C.E. was the a. Byzantine Empire. b. Achaemenid dynasty. c. Hellenistic Empire. d. Han dynasty. e. Mauryan dynasty.

a. Byzantine Empire.

Saints Methodius and Cyril a. were highly influential "pillar" saints. b. devised the Cyrillic alphabet. c. were responsible for a compromise between the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches. d. converted the Slavic lands to Roman Catholicism. e. died while on a mission to spread the faith to Africa.

b. devised the Cyrillic alphabet.

Emperor Leo III inaugurated the divisive ecclesiastical policy of a. translating the Bible into German. b. insisting that the patriarch of Constantinople was superior to the pope in Rome. c. caesaropapism. d. iconoclasm. e. venerating religious icons.

d. iconoclasm.

The rise of Orthodox Christianity in Russia was helped by the conversion in 989 of a. Peter the Great. b. Prince Vladimir. c. Justinian. d. Catherine the Great. e. Ivan III.

b. Prince Vladimir.

Hagia Sophia was a. Justinian's most dangerous political enemy. b. the wife of Justinian who proved to be a wise adviser. c. the central trading city on the silk roads. d. the magnificent church at Constantinople. e. the legal foundation for Justinian's Code.

d. the magnificent church at Constantinople.

In 1054 the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople a. mutually excommunicated each other. b. met at the Council of Milan to settle old differences. c. agreed on a highly controversial plan to eliminate the Protestants. d. agreed on a joint plan to bring Christianity to Russia. e. jointly called for a new crusade.

a. mutually excommunicated each other.

Up through the eighth century, the chief foreign threat to the eastern Roman Empire was a. neo-Greek military generals. b. the Guptas in India. c. the Sasanid emperors. d. the resurgence of power by the Ptolemies in Egypt. e. the Germanic tribes.

c. the Sasanid emperors.

By the sixteenth century, Russians had begun to think of Moscow as a. the mightiest military center in the world. b. the most important trading center in eastern Europe. c. the third Rome. d. the new Athens. e. the last true bastion of Roman Catholicism.

c. the third Rome.

In the year 962, Otto of Saxony a. created a written alphabet for the Slavic people. b. claimed to rule as emperor of the old western half of the Roman Empire. c. accepted the sovereignty of the Byzantine emperors. d. expanded the scope of Byzantine influence by translating Justinian's code into German. e. invaded and sacked Constantinople.

b. claimed to rule as emperor of the old western half of the Roman Empire.

According to Procopius, two sixth century Christian monks undertook an elaborate smuggling operation to provide Byzantium with the knowledge to produce a. gunpowder b. ceramics c. steel d. iron e. silk

e. silk

Byzantium's major advantage was a. its status as the most populous city in the Mediterranean basin. b. its magnificent library, which contained the cultural treasures of the Hellenistic world. c. its huge army. d. its strategic position on the Bosporus. e. its position as the greatest trading center of the Greek world.

d. its strategic position on the Bosporus.

The Fourth Crusade, in the early 1204, a. was captured and all the crusaders converted to Islam. b. recaptured Jerusalem from the Muslims. c. is also known as the "children's crusade." d. suffered a disastrous defeat at the gates of Jerusalem. e. sacked Constantinople and caused extreme harm to the Byzantine Empire.

e. sacked Constantinople and caused extreme harm to the Byzantine Empire.

By the late sixth century, Byzantium became the Mediterranean world's leading producer of a. steel. b. cotton. c. silk. d. gold. e. tobacco.

c. silk

The Abbasid dynasty finally came to an end in 1258, when it was overrun by the
a. Mongols.
b. Byzantines.
c. Saljuq Turks.
d. Ottoman Turks.
e. French.

a. Mongols.

The word ulama refers to
a. "the community of Allah."
b. "the one god."
c. "people with religious knowledge."
d. "holy war."
e. "the house of lslam."

c. "people with religious knowledge."

After the death of Muhammad, political leadership fell to a caliph by the name of
a. Abu Bakr.
b. Harun ai-Rashid.
c. Khadija.
d. Abu ai-Abbas.
e. Ali.

a. Abu Bakr.

In an effort to recruit learned students, Islamic leaders often financially supported institutions of higher learning called
a. umma.
b. dar al-Islam.
c. madrasas.
d. sufis.
e. qadis

c. madrasas.

The other name for the collection of stories known as The Arabian Nights is
a. the Quran.
b. The Thousand and One Nights.
c. The Narrow Road to the Deep North.
d. the Rubaiyat.
e. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

b. The Thousand and One Nights.

The Quran, following the example of Muhammad, allowed men to have up to how many wives?
a. 7
b. 4
c. 2
d. 1
e. 10

b. 4

The main Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of
a. mythology.
b. poetry.
c. history.
d. architecture.
e. mathematics.

e. mathematics.

The Islamic holy law was known as the
a. ulama.
b. gadis.
c. umma.
d. sharia.
e. hijra.

d. sharia.

The Umayyad forces allowed conquered peoples to maintain their own religions, but insisted that they pay a special head tax on those people who did not convert to Islam. This head tax was called the
a. sakk.
b. jizya.
c. sharia.
d. hajj.
e. ulama.

b. jizya.

Of all the new crops that spread throughout the Islamic world via trade, which one proved the most important?
a. indigo
b. oranges
c. henna
d. cotton
e. sugarcane

d. cotton

The capital city of al-Andalus was
a. Baghdad.
b. Damascuc.
c. Istanbul.
d. Mecca.
e. Cordoba.

e. Cordoba.

In 595, Muhammad married a wealthy widow named
a. Khadija.
b. Hadith.
c. Ibn Rushd.
e. Sharia.
e. Sufi.

a. Khadija.

The main split inside Islam was between Sunni and
a. Umayyads.
b. Ulama.
c. Sufis.
d. Gadis.
e. Shia.

e. Shia.

During the last 200 years of the Abbasid Empire, it fell under the control of the
a. Byzantine Empire.
b. Sasanids.
c. Ottoman Turkish Empire.
d. Holy Roman Empire.
e. Saljuq Turks.

e. Saljuq Turks.

The Quran
a. were Islamic scholarly bureaucrats.
b. were the priests who watched over the Ka'ba.
c. is the holy book of Islam.
d. is the law code of Islam.
e. was Muhammad's journey to Yathrib.

c. is the holy book of Islam.

The victorious Arabic armies of the Umayyad dynasty
a. opened up positions of authority to non-Muslims.
b. forced everyone to convert from Sunni to Shia.
c. allowed the conquered peoples to practice their own religions.
d. forced the conquered peoples to convert to Islam.
e. restricted the jizya to practicing Muslims.

c. allowed the conquered peoples to practice their own religions.

The Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca is known as the
a. jizya.
b. hijra.
c. hajj.
d. gadis.
e. sharia.

c. hajj.

The term Islam means
a. "Allah desires for you what is easy, not what is hard."
b. "Allah is great."
c. "devotion to the rule of life."
d. "submission."
e. "the one god."

d. "submission."

What new industry, transmitted to the Islamic world from China, was introduced during the Abbasid period?
a. steel production
b. bronze production
c. textile production
d. iron production
e. paper manufacture

e. paper manufacture

The phrase, "one who has submitted," is the meaning of the term
a. Muslim.
b. Buddhist.
c. Jain.
d. Hindu.
e. Christian.

a. Muslim.

No religious leader could follow Muhammad, so political authority rested in the position of the
a. caliph.
b. sultan.
c. shia.
d. ulama.
e. hajj.

a. caliph.

The capital of the Abbasid Empire was
a. Cordoba.
b. Damascus.
c. Mecca.
d. Istanbul.
e. Baghdad.

e. Baghdad.

After the assassination of Ali, power fell to
a. the Umayyad dynasty.
b. the Abbasid dynasty.
c. the Roman Empire.
d. the Byzantine Empire.
e. the Saljuq Turks.

a. the Umayyad dynasty.

Arabic numbers actually had their origin in
a. Egypt.
b. Arabia.
c. China.
d. India.
e. Persia.

d. India.

The Shia believed that
a. a different and more pure version of the Quran exists.
b. the caliphate should follow the line of Ali.
c. that Allah was the main, but not necessarily the only, god.
d. the Umayyad dynasty were the only legitimate rulers.
e. leadership in the Islamic world could fall to any true believer.

b. the caliphate should follow the line of Ali.

The phrase dar al-Islam means
a. "victory of god."
b. "warrior of Islam."
c. "missionary of the divine faith."
d. "house of the Islam."
e. "conquest of Islam."

d. "house of the Islam."

The Sufis
a. that they, and not the Umayyads, were the legitimate rulers of the Islamic world.
b. in reconciling the spiritual and rational worlds.
c. that the leadership of the Islamic world had to pass through the line of Ali.
d. in a strictly logical and rational definition of the divine.
e. in an emotional and mystical union with Allah.

e. in an emotional and mystical union with Allah.

The only definitive and reliable text of the Quran has to be in
a. Latin.
b. Greek.
c. Aramaic.
d. Persian.
e. Arabic.

e. Arabic.

How did the conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia influence the role of women in the Islamic world?
a. A fertility goddess rose to challenge Allah.
b. Islamic society became much less patriarchal.
c. Islamic society became more patriarchal.
d. Female infanticide was declared illegal.
e. Polygamy was outlawed.

c. Islamic society became more patriarchal.

The turning point in the rise of Islam was
a. the hijra.
b. Muhammad's pilgrimage to Istanbul.
c. the conquest of Egypt.
d. the rise of the Umayyad dynasty.
e. Muhammad's conversion to Christianity.

a. the hijra.

In the 840s, Tang emperors
a. officially favored the Manichaeans instead of the Buddhists.
b. converted to Buddhism but didn't force the spread of the religion.
c. made Buddhism the favored religion of the central court.
d. converted to Islam.
e. ordered the closure of monasteries and the expulsion of Buddhists.

e. ordered the closure of monasteries and the expulsion of Buddhists.

During the Tang dynasty,
a. most of far western China fell to barbarian tribes.
b. Chinese armies pushed into Korea, Manchuria, Tibet, and northern Vietnam.
c. Japan was brought under complete Chinese control.
d. powerful neighbors kept the Chinese from expanding.
e. Japanese forces captured northern China.

b. Chinese armies pushed into Korea, Manchuria, Tibet, and northern Vietnam.

Foot binding is probably the best example of the increasing
a. the increasing freedom of Chinese women during the Song dynasty.
b. the technological brilliance of the Song dynasty.
c. the influence of Japanese traditions on the Chinese.
d. the influence of Buddhist customs as the religion became popular in China.
e. the increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society.

e. the increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society.

During the Tang dynasty, the imperial civil service examinations
a. were restricted to the wealthier families.
b. were monopolized by the foreign Manchus and used for their advantage.
c. were halted and not restarted until the Ming dynasty.
d. declined dramatically in importance.
e. were expanded and allowed posts to be filled with officials of genuine intellectual ability.

e. were expanded and allowed posts to be filled with officials of genuine intellectual ability.

In 1279, the Song dynasty finally fell to the
a. Japanese.
b. Khitan.
c. Mongols.
d. Uighurs.
e. Manchus.

c. Mongols.

The Silla dynasty in Korea copied China in many ways, but never
a. formed a tributary relationship with China.
b. adopted Confucian thought.
c. established a Confucian examination system.
d. converted to Buddhism.
e. established a bureaucracy based on merit.

e. established a bureaucracy based on merit.

In 1024,
a. the Tang emperors established the first modem banking industry.
b. the first paper money, printed under government auspices (support), appeared.
c. the Song emperors transferred the printing of paper money from governmental to private control.
d. the Song emperors outlawed the printing of paper money by anyone.
e. the Chinese economy collapsed because of inflation caused by the printing of paper money.

b. the first paper money, printed under government auspices (support), appeared.

The "kowtow"
a. was the "south-pointing needle."
b. was the word that neo-Confucian scholars used when discussing physical matter.
c. was a ritual prostration. (put face down)
d. was a fast Chinese ship that played a key role in expanding trade.
e. was the most popular school of Buddhism in China.

c. was a ritual prostration. (put face down)

In 1185 the Minamoto clan defeated their rival the Taira clan and
a. established the Muromachi shogunate.
b. restored power in the hands of the emperor.
c. established the Minamoto shogunate.
d. Japan fell under Korean control.
e. established the Kamakura shogunate.

e. established the Kamakura shogunate.

Letters of credit carne into common use during the early Tang period. These letters were known as
a. checks.
b. bluebirds.
c. letters of transit.
d. sakks.
e. flying cash.

e. flying cash.

The most important new crop introduced into China during the Tang and Song periods was
a. oranges.
b. cotton.
c. fast-ripening rice.
d. indigo.
e. barley.

c. fast-ripening rice.

In which of the following areas did Buddhism not become the major religion?
a. Mongolia
b. India
c. Japan
d. Korea
e. China

b. India

In regard to their relationship with China, the Viet people
a. were not influenced by Chinese thought.
b. copied Confucianism but never converted to Buddhism.
c. ruled China for over two centuries.
d. gladly accepted the tributary status in order to gain access to Chinese markets.
e. revolted against the Tang and won their independence.

e. revolted against the Tang and won their independence.

The native religion of Japan is
a. Buddhism.
b. Hinduism.
c. Manichaeism.
d. Shintoism.
e. Daoism.

d. Shintoism.

The most influential Chinese, naval, technological innovation was the
a. invention of steel hulls.
b. magnetic compass.
c. triangular sail.
d. shipboard cannon.
e. use of rudders.

b. magnetic compass.

The Sui construction of which of these items would have important economic implications well into the twentieth century?
a. Royal Road
b. Great Wall
c. Grand Canal
d. first printing press
e. modem banking industry

c. Grand Canal

The Tang plan to avoid the concentration of !and in the hands of the wealthy was called the
a. Hangzhou system.
b. equal-field system.
c. new economic plan.
d. kowtow system.
e. Tang Taizong system.

b. equal-field system.

In an effort to win support in China by tying into Chinese traditions, Buddhist missionaries translated the Indian term "dharma" as
a. wuwei.
b. nalanda .
c. sui.
d. tang .
e. dao.

e. dao.

What was the title of the military governor who ruled in place of the Japanese emperor?
a. Shinto
b. Kamakazi
c. Shogun
d. Samurai
e. Heian

c. Shogun

In relation to Chinese traditions and influences, Vietnamese women
a. wrote many more books than their Chinese counterparts did.
b. played a more prominent role in society and the economy.
c. were forced to accept foot binding.
d. had far fewer rights than Chinese women.
e. were excluded from the local marketplaces.

b. played a more prominent role in society and the economy.

In the seventh century C.E., the Tang dynasty agreed to a political compromise with the Korean [ ] dynasty.
a. Kamakura
b. Silla
c. Sui
d. Nara
e. Song

b. Silla

By around 1500 what portion of the total Indian population was Muslim?
a. one-half
b. two-thirds
c. one-twentieth
d. one-fourth
e. one-tenth

d. one-fourth

Islam reached India by all of the following routes except
a. missionaries sent by the emperor Harsha.
b. conquest by Arabic invaders.
c. Islamic merchants.
d. migrations from Turkish-speaking peoples from central Asia.

a. missionaries sent by the emperor Harsha.


````

The wealthy trading state that controlled southern India from
a. 850 through 1267 was
b. the kingdom of Angkor.
c. the Chola kingdom.
d. the Vijayanagar kingdom.
e. the kingdom of Funan.
f. the Delhi sultanate.

c. the Chola kingdom.

An invasion in 451 C.E. by the White Huns, began the collapse of the
a. Han dynasty.
b. Byzantine Empire.
c. Gupta dynasty.
d. Mauryan dynasty.
e. Chota kingdom.

c. Gupta dynasty.

The bhakti movement
a. sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam.
b. appealed to Indians who were stifled by the strictly monotheistic views of Hinduism.
c. tried to find god through a strictly rationalistic pursuit of the divine.
d. sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism.
e. never caught on in India as it had in China.

a. sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam.

The scholarly Buddhist emperor who reunited northern India in the seventh century was
a. Shankara.
b. Harsha.
c. Ashoka.
d. Harihara.
e. Mahmud of Ghazni.

b. Harsha.

India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of
a. its cold, dry climate.
b. the absence of any monsoon winds.
c. its central location in the Indian Ocean basin.
d. its strong, centralized government.
e. the continuous problem of Chinese pirates.

c. its central location in the Indian Ocean basin.

The biggest difference between Melaka and the other states influenced by India was that Melaka
a. built a large, centralized land empire.
b. started out as mainly Islamic but later converted to Buddhism.
c. became predominantly Islamic.
d. played a role in sea trade, while the other states relied on land trade.
e. was predominantly Hindu.

c. became predominantly Islamic.

Hindu temples
a. disappeared in southern India because of the prominence of lslam.
b. were never able to compete with the strong Buddhist temples of northern India.
c. played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India.
d. remained centers of women's rights.
e. held southern India back economically because of the Hindu law against lending money.

c. played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India.

In 711 , the northern Indian area of Sind fell to the
a. Umayyad dynasty.
b. Tang dynasty.
c. Abbasid dynasty.
d. Byzantine Empire.
e. Chola dynasty.

a. Umayyad dynasty.

The east African kingdom that benefited tremendously from increased Indian Ocean trade was
a. Melaka
b. Kush.
c. Yemen.
d. Masulipatam.
e. Axum.

e. Axum

When comparing northern and southern India during the postclassical era, it can be stated that
a. the south remained unified while the north remained fragmented.
b. the north fell under Chinese control .
c. the north remained unified while the south remained fragmented.
d. the south fell under Byzantine control.
e. the south suffered through far fewer invasions than the north did.

e. the south suffered through far fewer invasions than the north did.

Northern India was dominated from the twelfth through the early sixteenth century by
a. the southern Song dynasty.
b. the Delhi sultanate.
c. the Abbasid dynasty.
d. the Umayyad dynasty.
e. the Chola kingdom.

b. the Delhi sultanate.

The design of the Khmer temples at Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat show
a. the growing influence of Islam.
b. a definite influence from the Tang dynasty.
c. the influence of both Hindu and Buddhist traditions.
d. that the Khmer were the only kingdom in southeast Asia that avoided Indian influence.
e. a Confucian influence.

c. the influence of both Hindu and Buddhist traditions.

In regard to political structure, postclassical India
a. rivaled Tang China in respect to size and administrative brilliance.
b. was more similar to imperial Rome than to Tang China.
c. was most influenced by Byzantium.
d. copied the Chinese model after being conquered by the Tang.
e. developed no single centralized imperial authority.

e. developed no single centralized imperial authority.

The Islamic ruler, who led seventeen different raiding expeditions into India in the eleventh century, was
a. Srivijaya.
b. Ramanuja.
c. Mahmud of Ghazni.
d. Abu Bakr.
e. Harihara.

c. Mahmud of Ghazni.