Intro to Communications final

CO 1003

Benefits of Public Speaking

a core skill of intellectual and practical skills

3 categories of informative speeches

1. Personal - wedding toasts, eulogy

2. Professional - business pitch, interview

3. Public - protest, town hall meeting

Linear Model of Communication

sender (has the message) → channel → receiver

Transactional Model of Communication

sender → encoding message → transmission → decoding → receiver → feedback

you will ALWAYS receive feedback

Types of speeches and speaking occasions

1. Informative speech - educate, inform

2. persuasive speech - wants change

3. commemorate or entertain - eulogy, toast, acting

Speaking competencies

1. useful topic

2. engaging intro

3. clear organization

4. well-supported ideas

5. closure in conclusion

6. clear and vivid language

7. suitable vocal expression

8. corresponding non-verbals

9. adapting to the audience

10. adept use of visual aids

11. convincing persuasion

12. credibility

Methods of delivering a speech

1. manuscript style - word for word

2. memorized

3. impromptu

4. extemporaneous - prepared and rehearsed

Vocal aspects of delivery

1. articulation

2. pronunciation

3. accent, dialect, regionalisms

4. vocal quality

5. pitch and inflection

6. rate of speaking

7. pauses vs vocalized pauses

8. vocal projection

Nonverbal aspects of delivery

1. personal appearance

2. movement and gestures

3. eye contact

Preparation, practice, payoff elements

1. preparing notes

2. rehearsing the speech

   1. rehearsal checklist

3. managing stress

Function of Informative speeches

provide people with knowledge, shape our perceptions, serve to articulate alternatives, enhance our ability to survive and evolve

Role of an informative speaker

objective, credible, knowledgeable, relevant topic

Types of informative speeches

definitional, descriptive, explanatory, demonstration

Developing Informative Speeches

generate and maintain interest using intensity, novelty (new things), contrast, activity, humor

Functions of introductions

get audience to want to listen, attention, and goodwill, state the purpose, preview speech

Attention-getting strategies

humor, surprising fact, question

Functions of conclusions

prepare audience for the end, final appeals, summarize

Composing conclusions

don’t include new info, all claims should be in the speech

How to organize a speech

1. Selecting a topic

2. Formulating the purpose statements

3. Writing the thesis statement

4. Writing the body of your speech

Effective visual aids

add to presentation in meaningful way, spark interest, build emotional connection, help remember info

Types of visual aids

1. personal appearance

2. objects and props

3. demonstration

4. posters and flip charts

5. audio and video

6. handouts

7. slideware

design principles

proximity, alignment, repetition, contrast, colors, fonts, texts

Types of research sources

1. Personal and Professional Knowledge

2. Library Resources

3. Internet Resources

How to evaluate information

1. Accuracy

2. Credibility

3. Objectivity

4. Currency

5. Comprehensiveness

6. Authority

Constructing Clear and Vivid Messages

simple language, precise, stylized

Stylized language

1. Metaphors and Similes

2. Alliteration

3. Antithesis

4. Parallel Structure and Language

5. Personalized Language

language pitfalls

profanity, never, always, powerless words, grammar errors, pronunciation, regionalism, colloquialisms, clichés

Types of special occasion speeches

1. Speech of Introduction

2. Toast

3. Roast

4. Speech to Present an Award

5. Acceptance Speech

6. Keynote Address

7. Commencement Speech

8. Commemorative Speeches and Tributes

Techniques for building confidence

1. Prepare Well

2. Visualize Success

3. Avoid Gimmicks

4. Breathe and Release

5. Minimize What You Memorize

6. Practice Out Loud

Ways to reduce speaking anxiety

1. prepare well

2. visualize success

3. avoid gimmicks

4. breathe and release

5. minimize what you memorize

6. practice out loud

7. customize your practice

Three paradigms of Audience Analysis

1. Direct Observation

2. Inference

3. Data Sampling

Psychological audience analysis

considers where your audience stands on the issues you plan to address ahead of time

Situational Audience Analysis

considers the physical surroundings and setting of a speech

Interests and Knowledge Analysis

considers if your audience is interested in what you have to say

What is persuasive speaking

intend to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, and acts of others

Persuasive Speech Organizational Methods

1. Monroe’s motivation sequence: attention → need → satisfaction → visualization → action appeal

2. direct method: claim + reasons

3. causal: cause + results

4. refutation: shows evidence for both sides

Functions of Persuasive Speeches

1. Speeches to Convince - seeks agreement

2. Speeches to Actuate - seeks change or motivate behaviors

Types of persuasive speeches

1. Propositions of Fact – Is/Is Not

2. Propositions of Value – Good/Bad

3. Propositions of Policy – Should/Should Not

Approaching Audiences

1. Receptive Audience - supportive or open

2. Neutral Audience - neither opposed nor open

3. Hostile Audience - opposed

Inductive reasoning

moves from specific examples to a more general claim

Deductive reasoning

moving from a general principle to a claim regarding a specific instance

Causal reasoning

examines related events to determine which one caused the other

Persuasive strategies

1. Ethos - credibility

2. Logos - logical ways of proving an argument

3. Pathos - emotional response