Thermal Energy and Phase Changes in Chemistry

Kinetic Energy at High Temperature

Vibrating fast or high energy

Kinetic Energy at Low Temperature

Vibrating slow or low energy

Sublimation

Solid to Gas

Change from Solid to Gas

A rapid increase in temperature or kinetic energy

Definition of Temperature

Average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance

Change from Gas to Liquid

Condensation

Negative Enthalpy

Exothermic

Change from Liquid to Solid

A decrease in temperature or kinetic energy

Effect of Increased Kinetic Energy in Solid

It might melt but they would definitely move faster

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Deposition

Gas to Solid

Heat Transfer through Electromagnetic Waves

Radiation

Energy in Chemical Reaction

Heat of rxn

Reaction Absorbing Energy

Endothermic Rxn

Vaporization Process

Endothermic, temperature decreases because the particles need to gain energy to become a gas

Heat and Light from Octane Burning

From forming bonds, chemical potential energy is being released as the rxn occurs

Exothermic Mixing of Chemicals

Heat released into the environment, chemical particles slow, environment particles speed up

Convection

Hot fluid rising and cool fluid sinking due to density

Burning Hand on Hot Pot

Heat is conducted from the pot to your hand. The particles in your hand begin to move faster when the heat is transferred to them

Vaporization Process Name

Vaporization

Element without Boiling Point

None

Latent Heat

increased energy usually shows increase in temp

If ΔG negative, what is K

K>1

If ΔG positive, what is K

K<1

If ΔG negative, what is E

positive (battery galvanic)

if ΔG positive, what is E

negative (electrolyte)

if ΔG positive

nonfavorable, doesn’t happen, a reaction that does not happen to a measurable degree

if ΔG negative

favorable, does happen, a reaction that does happen to a measurable degree

ΔG is -, ΔH is -, ΔS is +

Driving force is both (all temps)

ΔG is +, ΔH is +, ΔS is -

Driving force is none (all temps)

ΔG is +/-, ΔH is -, ΔS is -

Driving force is ΔH

ΔG is +/-, ΔH is +, ΔS is +

Driving force is ΔS

conduction

direct contact, particle motion is transferred, particles vibrate really fast and transfers to the hand that touches pot.

specific heat (c)

amount of energy needed to increase temp of one gram of a substance by 1 C