Bio-Heredity

Chromosome

carries genetic info in nucleus can be X or Y

homologous chromosomes

paired chromosomes in diploid organisms that share the same size, shape, and contain the same genes at the same locations

centromere

middle that connects 2 chromatids into chromosomes

diploid

Includes 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (46)

Haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (23)

gamete

a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

zygote

formed when sperm firtilizes an egg

mitosis

the making of 2 identical daugter cells

meiosis

produces 4 genetically different gametes (sperm or egg)

nondisjunction

failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division - daughter cells will have an abormal amt of chromosomes

chromatid

one of the two identical strands of a duplicated chromosome, joined together at the centromere

crossing over

the action of when dna from homologous pairs are exchanged

independent assortment

describes how different genes are inherited during reproductio

Stages of meiosis

Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase, Prophase II, Anaphase II, Metaphase II, Telophase II

Why is meiosis different from mitosis

mitosis produces 2 identical cells meiosis from 4 differnt

Cell division to make gameetes

make sure to give genetical diversity and correct number of chromosomes

Karyotype determines what

If it is male or female

Somatic cells

46

Gametes

23

What leads to the cells being genetically different at the end of meiosis?

ccrossing over

nucleotide

the fundamental building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

Double helix

The structure of a DNA molecule

anti-parrallel

describes the orientation of the two strands in a double -stranded DNA molecule

semi-conservative

One original strand and one new strand

Where is Dna found in Cells?

Euk - In nulcues Pro - free floating

Is Dna in every cell of every organism

Yes

What are the components of DNA?

Deoxyribose sugar, Nitrogen bases, Phosphate

What is the function of Dna

It stores genetic information and provides instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all living organisms.

When does DNA replication occur?

DNA replication occurs during the S phase of interphase in the cell cycle, prior to cell division.

Why does DNA replication occur

DNA replication occurs to ensure that each new cell has an identical copy of the DNA, enabling proper functioning and replication of genetic information during cell division.

transcription

is the process by which the information in a segment of DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then guides the synthesis of proteins.

translation

is the process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific polypeptide or protein, translating the genetic code into functional products.

amino acids

are the building blocks of proteins, which are linked together in a specific sequence during translation to form functional polypeptides.

codon

is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose sugar. Additionally, DNA uses thymine as a base, whereas RNA uses uracil.

Where do transcription and translation take place?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes.

What happens if there is an error in transcription or translation?

Errors in transcription can lead to the production of malfunctioning proteins, while errors in translation can result in incorrect amino acid sequences. Both can affect cellular functions and contribute to diseases.

Homozygous

having two identical alleles for a specific gene.

heterozygous

having two different alleles for a specific gene.

dominant

referring to an allele that expresses its trait in the presence of another allele.

recessive

referring to an allele that only expresses its trait when two copies are present, and is masked by a dominant allele.

allele

a variant form of a gene that can occupy a specific locus on a chromosome.

gene

a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.

phenotype

the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.

genotype

the genetic constitution of an organism, including all alleles inherited from its parents.

Two complete sets of chromosomes it is called

diploid

During Anaphase I

Homologous pairs are sperated

During Anaphase II

Sister chromatids are seperated