Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations Flashcards

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of various medical conditions, focusing on definitions, symptoms, and mechanisms.

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation.

PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome, characterized by prolonged menstrual periods and symptoms like hirsutism, acne, and male pattern baldness.

Endometriosis

Condition where endometrial tissue is located outside the uterus, leading to pelvic adhesions and dysmenorrhea.

PID

Pelvic inflammatory disease caused by sexually transmitted infections such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Stress Incontinence

Involuntary leakage of urine during physical activity, often due to factors like childbirth, obesity, and aging.

Addison's Disease

A disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as low blood sugar and weight loss.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Characterized by severe hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, and hyperketonemia.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Related to long-term complications and includes symptoms like visual changes and chronic infections.

Grave's Disease

An autoimmune disorder leading to hyperthyroidism, causing weight loss, heat intolerance, and enlargement of the thyroid (goiter).

SIADH

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, leading to hyponatremia and concentrated urine.

DKA

Diabetic ketoacidosis resulting from the lack of insulin, leading to ketone accumulation in the blood.

Cushing's Syndrome

Condition caused by hypersecretion of adrenal hormones, primarily cortisol.

Autoimmune Destruction DM1

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells by immune mechanisms, leading to insulin deficiency.

Diabetes Insipidus

Condition of insufficient ADH causing inability to concentrate urine.

A1c Test

Blood test that reflects glucose levels over the past three months.

BPH

Benign prostatic hyperplasia causing urinary obstruction and symptoms like frequency and hesitancy.

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Ulcers in the stomach often related to H. pylori infection and NSAID use.

Passive Immunity

Immunity acquired through transfer of antibodies such as IgA from mother to infant via breast milk.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and symptoms like morning stiffness.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks joints, causing inflammation and systemic symptoms.

ABCDE Skin Cancer Assessment

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6mm, Elevation for mole evaluation.

Primary Immunodeficiency

Inherited disorders affecting the immune system present from birth.

Active Immunity

Immunity gained through exposure to antigens or vaccines.

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

Antibody-mediated reactions like blood transfusion reactions and Graves' disease.

Hypovolemia Causes

Occurs due to GI losses, renal losses, or third spacing.

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid inside the cells, rich in potassium and proteins.

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside the cells, high in sodium and chloride.

Diffusion vs Osmosis

Diffusion is movement of molecules down a gradient; osmosis is movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process moving substances against their concentration gradient.

Meningitis Clinical Manifestations

Severe headache, photophobia, nuchal rigidity, and increased intracranial pressure.

Decorticate vs Decerebrate Posturing

Decorticate: abnormal flexion; Decerebrate: abnormal extension of limbs.

Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology

Characterized by axonal injury and demyelinated plaques.

Cerebral Palsy Classification

Spastic, diplegia, and ataxic types indicating varied motor dysfunction.

Stroke Causes

Cerebral ischemia, hemorrhage, and infarction leading to impaired circulation.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Caused by bleeding in the brain leading to tissue compression.

Thrombolytic Stroke

Caused by blockage of a cerebral artery due to atherosclerosis.

Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology

Accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.

Seizures Types

Complex and simple seizures with varying degrees of consciousness impairment.

Migraine Symptoms

Unilateral throbbing pain, visual auras, and mood changes.

Parkinson's Disease Pathophysiology

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and presence of Lewy bodies.

Increased ICP Signs

Change in mental status, headache, nausea, and visual disturbances.

Spinal Cord Injury Types

Complete transection leads to loss of function, while incomplete syndromes vary in effects.

Stroke vs TIA

Stroke leads to permanent damage, while TIA (transient ischemic attack) results in temporary neurologic dysfunction.

Pathophysiology of Leukemia

Overproduction of immature white blood cells in bone marrow.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Due to insufficient dietary iron, blood loss, or absorption issues.

Pernicious Anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor causing neurological symptoms.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Condition where red blood cells become sickle-shaped, leading to vascular obstruction.

Amenorrhea vs Dysmenorrhea

Amenorrhea: absence of menstrual periods; Dysmenorrhea: painful menstruation.

Testicular Tumor Symptoms

Small painless testicular mass and slight enlargement.

Menopause Clinical Features

Decline in breast size, skin elasticity, and the presence of hot flashes.

Cryptorchidism

Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum.

Erectile Dysfunction Causes

Psychological or physiological factors affecting sexual function.

PCOS Pathophysiology

High LH and excess androgens lead to chronic anovulation and cystic ovaries.

Thrombus Formation

Process of blood clot formation in response to injury.

Dysrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm affecting cardiac output.

Hypovolemic Shock

Shock due to decreased blood volume from losses or dehydration.

Cardiogenic Shock

Shock where the heart fails to pump effectively despite normal blood volume.

Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease

Narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) Pathophysiology

Tissue death due to blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.

Hypertension Risk Factors

Non-modifiable: age, race; Modifiable: obesity, smoking.

Acute Leukemia Risks

High risk for infections and bleeding due to impaired blood cell production.

Lymphoma Clinical Features

Enlarged lymph nodes with systemic symptoms like fever and fatigue.

Iron Deficiency Anemia Symptoms

Fatigue and weakness, with possible heavy menstrual periods.

Sickle Cell Crisis Symptoms

Hemolysis, jaundice, and tissue ischemia leading to organ damage.

Asthma Pathophysiology

IgE-mediated response causing bronchoconstriction and mucus production.

Emphysema Symptoms

Air trapping, tachypnea, and characteristic pink skin.

Influenza Symptoms

Cough, fever, body aches, and malaise.

Orthopnea Definition

Shortness of breath while lying down, requiring sitting up.

Hypoventilation Effects

Hypercapnia and hypoxemia can lead to respiratory acidosis.

COPD General Manifestations

Chronic cough, dyspnea, and sputum production.

Cystic Fibrosis Pathophysiology

Recurrent infections and respiratory distress due to thickened secretions.

Community Acquired Pneumonia

Pneumonia acquired outside a healthcare setting.

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia

Pneumonia contracted during hospital stay after 48 hours.

Left Heart Failure Symptoms

Dyspnea, pulmonary congestion, and cough with frothy sputum.

Right Heart Failure Symptoms

Peripheral edema, ascites, and jugular venous distension.

Pneumonia Hypoxia Causes

Alveolar filling restricts gas exchange, causing hypoxia.

Hemoglobin Function

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood.

Pleural Effusion Definition

Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity impeding lung expansion.

Aspiration Pneumonia

Pneumonia from inhaled food or fluids.

Pneumothorax Definition

Air leakage into the pleural space causing lung collapse.

Hemothorax Definition

Blood accumulation in the pleural cavity.

Tuberculosis Transmission

Spread through airborne droplets affecting the lungs.

Pneumonia Risk Factors

Include smoking, prior infection, and chronic lung diseases.

Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology

Blood clot obstructing blood flow in the lung.

Asthma Clinical Manifestations

Shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness.

Emphysema Pathophysiology

Destruction of alveolar walls leads to airflow obstruction.

Anaphylaxis Symptoms

Severe bronchospasm, urticaria, and hypotension.

Chronic Hypertension Effects

Cardiovascular disease risk including heart failure and kidney issues.

Stable vs Unstable Angina

Stable: predictable pain; Unstable: unpredictable and severe chest pain.

Heart Failure General Symptoms

Decreased output and signs of pulmonary or peripheral congestion.

Shock Clinical Manifestations

Varies by type but often includes tachycardia and altered mental status.

Hyperthyroidism vs Hypothyroidism

Hyper: weight loss and agitation; Hypo: fatigue and weight gain.