Western Civilization II CLEP Test

Thirty Year's War

a religious war between the Catholics and Protestants, which resulted in the political restructuring of Europe and the development of nation states - the Dutch Republic, the Swiss Confederacy, the Austro-Hungarian Empire; granted religious freedom in many parts of Europe and encouraged the secularization of government. Ended with the TREATY OF WESTPHALIA.

Bradenburg-Prussia

First ruled by the Great Elector, Frederick William. Formed after Thirty Year's War. Prussia's nobles, JUNKERS, were given exemption from taxes to give loyalty to the Fredericks. Built an enormous army. Would become Germany.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Large Empire ruled by Habsburgs. Created after Thirty Year's War. Unstable due to ethnic, linguistic, cultural and political differences in it's people. Sided with Germany during WWI. It split up following the end of the war.

Absolutism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Secularization

the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance in sectors of society and culture.

Bishop Bossuet

Tutor of Louis XIV who taught about the DIVINE RIGHT of the monarchy, which helped secure Louis' ideal of absolute monarchy. Conservative. Wrote "Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Scripture."

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to LIFE, LIBERTY AND PROPERTY.

Louis XIV

The French King who built the palace at Versailles, The longest standing King of France "SUN KING",, One of the most powerful monarchs of Europe, ruling 72 years. He was famous for his quote,"I AM THE STATE." Executed by furious revolutionaries.

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of worship. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1658. He chased the HUGUENOTS out of the country.

Petition of Rights

Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent. First Parliamentary limit on the power of a king.

English Civil War

Civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I. Forces of Parliament called "ROUNDHEADS". Forces of the King called "CAVALIERS". Roundheads won, Puritans (Cromwell's religion) purged Presbyterians from Parliament. New RUMP PARLIAMENT destroyed monarchy and executed Charles I

Oliver Cromwell

PURITAN Leader of the Roundheads (parliamentarians) in the English Civil War. He was declared "protector" of England, Ireland, and Scotland (like a king). After his death, the monarchy was restored.

The Glorious Revolution

The English Parliament drove out an Catholic absolute monarch and replaced him with two constitutional monarch's WILLIAM III OF ORANGE and MARY, his wife, both Protestants. This Revolution was bloodless, and the new monarch's assented to a BILL OF RIGHTS.

Dutch Republic

REPUBLICAN form of government. United Provinces of the Netherlands; tolerant of all religions. 1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the LEADING FINANCIAL CENTER on the Continent, as well as maritime, trading, and colonization leader.

Peter the Great

Tsar who, in the late 17th and early 18th century, turned to the western model to "modernize" Russia.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Louis ruined it by his multiple expensive wars and lavish lifestyle.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

The War of Jenkin's Ear

Robert Jenkins, an English Captain, had his ear cut off by Spanish authorities when trying to smuggle goods into Spain. He preserved his ear in a jar of brandy and seven years later in 1738, he appeared before the British Parliament and showed them his ear as an example of Spanish atrocities to British merchants. In late 1739, Great Britain went to war with Spain. Although the war in itself is of little importance, it opened Europe to warfare for the next 80 years, whereas until that point Europe had been relatively peaceful.

War of Austrian Succession

(1740-48)Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.

Seven Year's War

Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land. Known in America as the French and Indian War.

Treaty of Paris

This treaty ended the Seven Years War. Gave Canada and area east of the Mississippi to Britain.

Tories

A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832. Fond of kings and against revolution.

Whigs

British political party. Liberals. Against the king.

Ptolemy

ancient scientist who said earth was the center of the universe

Paracelsus

Advanced the treatment and diagnosis of disease. Thought that diseases were caused by chemical imbalances.

Vesalius

a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy. He dissected human cadavers. (1514-1564)

Copernicus

First to develop and write a book on the heliocentric theory, "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres." It was placed on the index of prohibited books

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a TELESCOPE to study the stars. Advocated heliocentric theory. Was tried by the INQUISITION and spent his life under house arrest.

Johannes Kepler

German Lutheran astronomer, discovered that the paths of the planets around the sun are ELLIPTICAL rather that circular.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal GRAVITY, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Sir Francis Bacon

Developed the SCIENTIFIC METHOD through the INDUCTIVE method (specific to general), wrote Novum Organum.

Rene Descartes

17t century French philosopher. Famously known for writing "cogito ergo sum" ("I THINK THEREFORE I AM"). Wrote about concept of dualism.

Blaise Pascal

French mathematician who invented CALCULUS, devised a theory of chance and probability. Wrote the "Pensees." Argued that religion and science are both true. PASCAL's WAGER said that It is worth the risk believing in God.

Gottfried Leibniz

Developed CALCULUS dependently and at the same time as Pascal.

Charles Montesquieu

Wrote "THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS", advocated separation of powers with the three BRANCHES of legislative, judicial, and executive, plus checks and balances.

Francois Voltaire

French philosopher. Scorned all authority, religion, and corrupt government. Extreme CYNIC. Believed in tolerance, reason, and freedom of thought, expression, and religious belief, but not Christianity. Famous quote, "CRUSH THE INFAMOUS THING!,"the infamous thing being unquestioning religionsand superstitions.

Denis Diderot

Edited and published the first edition of the ENCYCLOPEDIA. It was a ENLIGHTENED PERSON's BIBLE. He also attacked religion and conservatives.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A highly influential French philosopher who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Wrote "SOCIAL CONTRACT," and advocated the general will of the people.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790). His LAISSEZ-FAIRE economics maintains that governments should let the economy run on it's own and natural laws will keep it afloat. This is capitalism.

Edinburgh

THE ATHENS OF THE NORTH. The Scottish had their own Enlightenment.

Edward Gibbon

Wrote THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. First ever history book to refer to history in strictly SECULAR terms. No God involved.

Utilitarianism

Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the GREATEST NUMBER of people. Associated with JEREMY BENTHAM.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Joseph II

Emperor of the Austrian Empire who controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom. ENLIGHTENED DESPOT.

Frederick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and BUREAUCRATIC foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. ENLIGHTENED DESPOT.

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia. ENLIGHTENED DESPOT who wrote to Voltaire and Diderot and questioned capital punishment and serfdom.

Emelyn Pugachev

Illiterate Cossack who started a mass REVOLT of serfs and peasants. Eventually captured, tortured, then executed

"Turnip" Townsend

Invented CROP ROTATION.

Enclosure movement

The British government took land from owners, FENCED it off, and used it to raise sheep. Benefitted the economy, but hurt small farmers.

James Watt

Invented the STEAM ENGINE, which led to steam powered cotton mills, and the railroad.

Public Health Act

Passed in 1848, this encouraged local towns to pass SANITATION laws.

Reform Bill

Passed in 1832, this controversial law gave the VOTE to middle class men in industrial cities, and gave them the right to be represented in PARLIAMENT. It abolished "rotten boroughs," sparsely populated areas that had representation.

Factory Act

Passed in 1833 by the SADLER COMMITTEE, this helped prevent exploitation of children factory workers.

Chartist Movement

Petition in 19th century Britain where members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all MEN.

Emmanuel Sieyes

Wrote the pamphlet "What is the THIRD ESTATE" concerning the plight of France's lower class.

Assembly of Notables

Louis XVI called nobles and clergy to ask for money and the wealthy refused. The nobles refused to pay taxes. This group was made up of people selected by the king and was made up primarily of nobles.

ancien regime

OLD ORDER of kings who ruled absolutely.

Declaration of Pillnitz

Austrian and Prussian emperor declared that they would declare war on France if the ROYAL FAMILY was harmed.

Legislative Assembly

Were forced by mobs to END the MONARCHY in France.

Georges Jacques Danton

JACOBIN French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794).

Jean Paul Marat

One of the prominent JACOBIN radical leaders during the revolution. He edited a radical newspaper. He called to rid France of the enemies of the Revolution

Paris Commune

Led by Danton, a temporary government set up by SANS-CULOTTES that began executing anti-revolutionaries.

Jacobins

Very RADICAL French revolutionary party responsible for Reign of Terror and execution of king

Girondins

The CONSERVATIVE side of the National Assembly. They favored having a king and wanted an absolute monarchy like England. They were the first people to control the National Assembly.

Committee of Public Safety

The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795. REIGN OF TERROR.

Thermidor

New "SECULAR" name for a month in summer.

Thermidorian Reaction

The violent backlash in France against the rule of Robspierre that began with his arrest and execution in July 1794, or 9 Thermidor in the French revolutionary calendar. Most of the instruments of Terror were dismantled, Jacobins were purged from public office, and Jacobin supporters were harassed or even murdered.

Directory

Legislative body of 5 men after Thermidorian Reaction, UNSTABLE.

Napoleon

French general who became EMPEROR of the French (1769-1821) Subtly became sole ruler of a country trying to become democratic. Claimed the title of FIRST CONSUL. Napoleon waged economic and literal war on England constantly. KING OF ITALY too.

Treaty of Tilsit

Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.

Continental System

Napoleon waged economic war on Britain by preventing trade with it and providing for trade with France.

Leipzig

Where Napoleon eventually met his defeat. He then was exiled to Elba.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting among world powers concerning how the world would run after Napoleon. They wanted no country to control another, creating buffer states, Belgium, from France's conquered territory. PEACEKEEPERS.

Quadruple Alliance

RUSSIA, PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA, AND BRITAIN banded together to defeat the tyrant Napoleon.

Concert of Europe

The Quadruple Alliance, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain…plus France, to prevent France's resentment towards the victors.

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires over Christian shrines and territory fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

Edmund Burke

Father of modern CONSERVATISM. noted for his emphasis on tradition. Wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France."

John Stuart Mill

LIBERAL who wrote the popular work "ON LIBERTY"

Volksgeist

Idea created by JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERGER about a "PEOPLE'S SPIRIT" to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries. NATIONALISM.

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

Ferdinand VII

Conservative king who was revolted against in SPAIN. He ignored Spain's constitution and disbanded the parliament.

Holy Alliance

Three nations, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, who were nervous about liberal revolts, established the PROTOCOL OF TROPPAU that states they can intervene in the affairs of other countries unable to remain CONSERVATIVE.

Greek Revolution

The GREEKS revolted against the OTTOMANS for their independence.The Concert of Europe generally opposed to this.

Eastern Question

Weakness of instability of OTTOMAN rule in the Mediterranean region.

Treaty of London

Declared GREECE independent and mandated a monarchy there.

ultraroyalists

French liberals who wanted the absolute monarchy; supported Charles X, wanted the ANCIEN REGIME

Charles X

CONSERVATIVE KING succeeded his brother Louis XVIII. His desire to restore France to a Pre-1789 world led to the Revolution of 1830 and the ascent of Louis Philippe.

Louis Philippe I

After Charles X is abdicated, this LIBERAL KING is given the throne of France. He is called the "King of the French," which meant that he worked for the people. NATIONAL GUARD killed forty rioters.

French Revolution of 1848

Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under NAPOLEON III in 1850.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

ELECTED president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Bonaparte later changed the government to an empire w/himself as emperor just like his uncle, the original Napoleon. Took the title of EMPEROR NAPOLEON III

Franco-Prussian War

A war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871Declared by OTTO VON BISMARK. Humiliating for the French.

Treaty of Frankfurt

The end of the FRANCO-PRUSSIAN War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872) YOUNG ITALY, and RISORGIMENTO movements.

Charles Albert

King of PIEDMONT-SARDINIA, part of Italy.

Count Cavour

Prime minister of Sardinia (northern Italy) who vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy.

Austro-Piedmontese War

Piedmont, Italy defeated Austro-Hungarian empire and won their INDEPENDENCE.

Giueseppe Garibaldi

(1807-1882) Soldier of fortune who amassed his "RED SHIRT" army to bring Naples and Sicily into a unified Italy.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

The King of Prussia who chose Otto Van Bismark to be his Prime Minister. He was eventually crowned Kaiser of Prussia and Germany.

Seven Weeks' War

aka AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN War (1866) This war resulted from Bismarck wanting to isolate Austria from German affairs

North German Confederation

Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, North German Confederation made under rulership of Prussia. Major step towards German unification.