Science, Technology, and Society: Lesson 1-4

Scientific Method

The method involved in gaining scientific knowledge about the natural world.

Branches of Science

The major divisions of science: Natural, Social, and Formal science.

Natural Science

The division of science that deals with natural objects and natural phenomena.

Physical Science

A branch of natural science that deals with the predictable behavior of the world around us.

Biological Science

A branch of natural science concerned with living things, their structures, processes, and influencing factors.

Social Science

The study of human society, both past and present, and how human beings behave.

Branches of Social Science

Economics, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, and History.

Branches of Biological Science

Botany, Taxonomy, Zoology, Ecology, Microbiology, Bacteriology, Anatomy, Parasitology, Physiology, Mycology, Cytology, Phycology, Histology, Virology, Genetics, and Ornithology.

Branches of Physical Science

Astronomy, Oceanography, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Meteorology, Geology, Climatology, Mineralogy, and Earth Science.

Society

A community, nation, or broad group of people sharing common traditions, institutions, activities, and interests.

Science, Technology and Society (STS)

An interdisciplinary course that examines the realities brought about by science and technology in society and their sociopolitical, cultural, economic, and philosophical aspects.

Ancient Times

An era in which people developed technologies for transportation, navigation, communication, record keeping, mass production, security, health, aesthetics, and architecture.

Importance of Transportation in Ancient Times

It helped people discover new places, search for food, find better settlements, and trade surplus goods.

Importance of Navigation

It helped people travel through unfamiliar areas and return home after exploring or trading.

Importance of Communication

It allowed people to communicate with natives, facilitate trade, prevent conflicts, and discover or occupy new places.

Importance of Record Keeping

It allowed people to document trades, history, and culture and establish their identities.

Mass Production in Ancient Times

The need to produce more food and basic necessities as populations increased and resources became scarcer.

Weapons and Armor in Ancient Times

They provided protection and security from invaders and helped tribes establish alliances and avoid conflicts.

Science and Technology in Health

Science and technology contributed to discovering cures and methods of preventing illnesses.

Engineering in Ancient Times

Engineering allowed humans to build structures that addressed their specific needs and wants.

Architecture in Ancient Civilizations

Elaborate architectural designs were viewed as signs of technological advancement and could establish a nation's identity.

Science and Technology as Results of Necessity

Ancient developments in science and technology arose from people's needs and desires and later influenced modern life.

Sumerian Civilization

An ancient civilization located in southern Mesopotamia, known for cooperation and a desire to develop and achieve great things.

Cuneiform

The Sumerians' writing system using word pictures and triangular symbols carved into clay with wedge-shaped instruments.

Importance of Cuneiform

It allowed the Sumerians to preserve records of historical events and everyday life.

Uruk City

Considered by the lecture to be the first true city in the world and an important Sumerian engineering achievement.

Sumerian Bricks

Bricks made from mud or clay mixed with reeds and baked by the sun, used to construct buildings and city walls.

Great Ziggurat of Ur

Also called the Mountain of God; a sacred place for the Sumerians' chief god where only priests were allowed to enter.

Sumerian Irrigation and Dikes

Systems created to bring water to farmland and control river flooding.

Sumerian Sailboats

Boats attributed to the Sumerians that improved transportation and trading and helped spread culture, information, and technology.

Sumerian Wheel

The wheel was initially developed for farm work and food processing rather than transportation and helped make mass production easier.

Sumerian Plow

A tool invented to dig and break up earth faster, allowing farmers to plant seeds more efficiently.

Sumerian Roads

Roads developed to make travel faster and easier and to organize traffic.

Babylonian Civilization

A civilization near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers known for its builders, engineers, and architects.

Egyptian Civilization

An ancient civilization in North Africa known especially for engineering achievements and infrastructure built during the time of the pharaohs.

Papyrus

A writing material developed by the Egyptians that made writing easier, although Egypt was not the first civilization to develop writing.

Egyptian Ink

Ink developed by Egyptians for recording history, culture, and codified laws.

Hieroglyphics

An Egyptian writing system that used symbols and was believed by Egyptians to have been provided by their gods.

Egyptian Cosmetics

Cosmetics used in ancient Egypt for both health and aesthetic purposes.

Egyptian Wigs

Wigs worn by wealthy Egyptians mainly for health and protection from the sun rather than aesthetics.

Water Clock / Clepsydra

A device that measures elapsed time using the flow of water between vessels; the remaining amount of water indicates elapsed time.

Greek Civilization

An ancient civilization in southeastern Europe known as the birthplace of Western philosophy and known for achievements in philosophy, mathematics, science, and technology.

Ancient Greek Alarm Clock

A timing device that used water, stones, or sand falling into drums to produce an alarm.

Greek Water Mill

A mill powered by flowing water that required less effort and time to operate than mills powered by farm animals.

Roman Civilization

A major ancient empire viewed as a strong political and social entity and a model for legislation and governance.

Roman Newspapers / Gazettes

Early newspapers containing announcements of the Roman Empire that were engraved on metal or stone tablets and publicly displayed.

Codex

A form of bound book made by stacking papyrus pages and later adding protective covers.

Roman Architecture

Architecture influenced by Greek designs but advanced by the Romans through new building and engineering technologies.

Roman Numerals

A number system developed by the Romans to provide a standard method of counting for communication and trade.

Chinese Civilization

An ancient civilization in East Asia known for its long history and silk trade.

Chinese Silk Technology

Technology developed by the Chinese to harvest and process silk into materials used for paper and clothing.

Chinese Tea Production

The development of methods for processing tea leaves, including a machine that shredded leaves into strips.

Great Wall of China

A massive Chinese infrastructure built to keep out foreign invaders and control China's borders.

Gunpowder

A Chinese invention that originated from alchemists' attempts to create an immortality-related substance and resulted in a powder capable of producing large amounts of heat and gas.

Middle Ages / Medieval Period

A period marked by invasions, migrations, and wars, creating a need for technological development in weaponry, navigation, farming, food production, and health.

Printing Press

A printing technology associated with Johann Gutenberg that used cast type to create a more reliable method of printing.

Microscope

An optical instrument that allowed people to observe organisms normally invisible to the naked eye; the lecture associates the first compound microscope with Zacharias Janssen.

Telescope

An optical instrument used to observe distant objects that helped navigators; combined with the compass, oars, and rudders, it improved sea travel.

Medieval Weapons and Armor

Crossbows and longbows were used for open-area battles, while iron body armor provided protection during close combat.

Modern Times

The period beginning with industrialization and growing populations, creating demand for faster and larger-scale production of goods.

Pasteurization

A process developed by Louis Pasteur that heats dairy products to kill harmful bacteria, helping prevent spoilage and illness.

Petroleum Refinery and Kerosene

Samuel M. Kier refined petroleum to produce kerosene, initially used as an illuminating oil and later for heating.

Telephone

The invention associated with Alexander Graham Bell that provided a way for people and governments to communicate in real time.

Modern Calculator

A device developed to perform increasingly complicated calculations faster and that contributed to the development of more complex processing machines such as computers.

Philippine Inventions

Inventions developed by Filipinos using indigenous materials or adapting technology to the country's tropical environment and natural disasters.

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

An amphibious tricycle developed by Victor Llave and his team at H2O Technologies to travel through flooded streets, rivers, and lakes.

SALt Lamp (Sustainable Alternative Lighting)

A lighting system invented by Aisa Mijeno that uses saltwater as an energy source.

Fe del Mundo's Medical Incubator

A low-cost incubator made from indigenous materials and designed without electricity to provide warmth and oxygen circulation for newborn babies.

DOST-ITDI OL Trap

A mosquito ovicidal/larvicidal trap system introduced in 2010 using natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitoes but safe for humans and the environment.

eJeepney

An electric jeepney developed to address the pollution and noise associated with diesel-powered jeepneys.

Intellectual Revolution

A major transformation in society's thoughts and beliefs resulting from new ideas and discoveries; the lecture connects it with paradigm shifts.

Copernican Revolution

A major intellectual shift from the Earth-centered model to the Sun-centered model of the Solar System.

Geocentrism

The belief that Earth is at the center of the Solar System, associated in the lecture with Claudius Ptolemy.

Heliocentrism

The model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus stating that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System.

Claudius Ptolemy

The philosopher and astronomer who supported the geocentric model, placing Earth at the center.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The Polish mathematician and astronomer who challenged the Ptolemaic model and introduced heliocentrism.

Birth of Modern Astronomy

The period when the Copernican model became accepted and helped begin the scientific revolution.

Darwinian Revolution

A major intellectual revolution associated with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist, biologist, and geologist who published On the Origin of Species in 1859 and introduced the Theory of Evolution.

Theory of Evolution

The theory that organisms can adapt to their environment and gradually change over time through natural selection.

Natural Selection

The process described by Darwin in which organisms with traits suited to their environment are more likely to survive.

Freudian Revolution

A major shift in psychology associated with Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud

A psychologist associated with psychoanalysis and the idea that conscious and unconscious factors influence human behavior and emotions.

Psychoanalysis

The study of human behavior that emphasizes conscious and unconscious influences.

Id, Ego, and Superego

The three conflicting elements that Freud argued contribute to personality.

Kuhn Cycle

The concept presented in the lecture in connection with intellectual revolutions and paradigm shifts.

Science

A body/system of knowledge about the natural world gained through the scientific method.