A system where the Spanish crown granted landowners rights to native labor in exchange for promising to Christianize them.
2
New cards
Mestizos
People of mixed European and Native American descent, common in Spanish colonies.
3
New cards
Mercantilism
An economic theory that emphasizes the role of governments in regulating trade to increase national wealth.
4
New cards
Navigation Acts
A series of laws passed by England to regulate colonial trade and enable England to collect taxes from the colonies.
5
New cards
Middle Passage
The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the Americas, known for high mortality rates among slaves.
6
New cards
Great Awakening
A religious revival in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized personal faith and emotional connection to God.
7
New cards
Judicial review
The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison (1803).
8
New cards
Louisiana Purchase
A land deal in 1803 where the US acquired a vast territory from France, effectively doubling the size of the nation.
9
New cards
Emancipation Proclamation
An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that aimed to free slaves in the Confederate states.
10
New cards
Reconstruction amendments
The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution, which abolished slavery, defined citizenship, and granted voting rights to African American men respectively.
11
New cards
Jim Crow laws
Statutes enacted to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchise African Americans, upheld by the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.
12
New cards
Manifest Destiny
The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
13
New cards
Chinese Exclusion Act
A federal law enacted in 1882 that restricted Chinese immigration to the United States.
14
New cards
Social Darwinism
The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to society, suggesting that certain societies are stronger or superior to others.
15
New cards
Industrial capitalism
An economic system characterized by the concentration of industry and the prevalence of capital investment in manufacturing.
16
New cards
Separatists
A group of Puritans who sought to separate from the Church of England; notably the Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony.
17
New cards
Dawes Act
A law enacted in 1887 that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.
18
New cards
Panic of 1819
The first major financial crisis in the United States, leading to widespread foreclosures and bank failures.
19
New cards
Nullification Crisis
A political crisis during Andrew Jackson's presidency where South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs, asserting the states' rights.
20
New cards
Seneca Falls Convention
The first women's rights convention held in the United States in 1848, which issued the Declaration of Sentiments.
21
New cards
Temperance Movement
A social movement aimed at curbing alcohol consumption and advocating for prohibition.
22
New cards
Transcendentalism
A philosophical movement that emphasizes the inherent goodness of people and nature, encouraging individual intuition and spirituality.