Immunity, Inflammation, Endocrine System, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Flashcards

Flashcards with vocabulary terms and definitions related to immunity, inflammation, the endocrine system, and fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

First line of immune defense

Physical and chemical barriers

Key cells involved in innate immunity

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

Mast cells

Release histamine

Antibodies

Produced by differentiated B cells

Primary immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions

IgA

Complement activation enhances phagocytosis through

Opsonization

MHC class I molecules present antigens to

CD8+ T cells

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by

IgE

Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus

Autoimmune disorders

HIV primarily targets

CD4+ T-helper cells

Occur when CD4 counts fall below 200 cells/mm³

Opportunistic infections

Memory B and T cells purpose

Enable a faster response to familiar pathogens

Fever during infection is induced by

Endogenous pyrogens (IL-1, TNF-alpha)

Time for symptoms to appear in Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

48–72 hours

Master gland

Pituitary gland

Hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

ACTH

Primary electrolyte imbalance in SIADH

Hyponatremia

Diabetes insipidus results from a deficiency of or insensitivity to

ADH

Primary hormone involved in lowering blood glucose

Insulin

Lacking in Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Insulin production

cause symptoms like moon face and truncal obesity in Cushing syndrome

Cortisol

A patient with Addison’s disease may present with low blood pressure and

Increased skin pigmentation

Regulates metabolism and requires iodine for synthesis

Thyroid hormone

TSH levels in hypothyroidism when the problem is primary

Increased

Graves disease is caused by _ that stimulate the TSH receptor

Autoantibodies

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) primarily occurs in patients with Type _ diabetes

1

Obesity increases the risk for insulin resistance and development of Type _ diabetes

2

During Starvation leads to decreased insulin and increased _ for energy

Ketones

With aging, there is a decline in growth hormone and _ sensitivity

Insulin

The majority of body fluid is located in the _ compartment

Intracellular

is the primary extracellular cation, while is the primary intracellular cation

Sodium; Potassium

A serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L is called _

Hyponatremia

Hypokalemia can cause muscle weakness and _ changes on ECG

U wave

The hormone _ increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys

Aldosterone

In SIADH, there is excessive release of , leading to water retention

ADH

Hypercalcemia may cause decreased neuromuscular excitability and _

Lethargy

The major buffer system in the blood is the _-bicarbonate system

Carbonic acid

A pH below 7.35 is considered ; a pH above 7.45 is considered

Acidosis; Alkalosis

A patient with COPD is at risk for _ acidosis due to CO₂ retention

Respiratory

The kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis by retaining _

Bicarbonate

In metabolic alkalosis, the body compensates by _ ventilation

Slowing

Hypomagnesemia can cause increased neuromuscular excitability and a positive _ sign

Chvostek's

Diarrhea leads to a loss of _ and can cause metabolic acidosis

Bicarbonate

Vomiting or gastric suction leads to a loss of _ and can cause metabolic alkalosis

Hydrogen