Fiszki: WYKŁAD 2. L2 teaching methods: the Grammar Translation Method, the Direct Method and the Audiolingual Method | Quizlet

What elements of the GTM are still present in today's L2 teaching?

Translating some chosen sentences or phrases

What elements of the ATM are still present in today's L2 teaching?

Teaching language, not teaching about language
Drills and dialogues
Native speaker is a role for pronunciation
Repetitions and memorialisation

GTM

The Grammar Translation Method

The Grammar Translation Method- when started?

the oldest method which has written evidence, 19th century

The Grammar Translation Method- based on______

classical languages

The Grammar Translation Method- who?

Johann Seidenstücker, Karl Plötz, Johann Meidinger ("the Prussian Method")

The Grammar Translation Method- main features?

the goals of learning- to read its literature, practise mental discipline and get intellectual development
reading and writing are the main focus
speaking and listening are less important
analysis of grammatical rules, followed by translation exercises,
a crucial role of the L1: a medium of instruction, translation, explicit comparisons of structures
vocabulary: from reading texts, in bilingual lists, memorization, translation
the sentence is a basic unit of practice
accuracy is emphasised
grammar taught deductively, in a systematic way
not natural sentences to translate, low communicative value
just to practise grammatical rules and strain one's brain
no sociolinguistic content taken into account
now: translating chosen sentences/ phrases

The Grammar Translation Method- the goal?

to read its literature, practise mental discipline and get intellectual development

The Grammar Translation Method- the main focus?

reading and writing

The Grammar Translation Method- L1?

a crucial role of the L1: a medium of instruction, translation, explicit comparisons of structures

The Grammar Translation Method- when was dominant?

from 1840 to 1940

The Grammar Translation Method- main criticsm?

tedious, boring study, frustration, no focus on communication

the Reform Movement- when started?

at the end of 19th century

The International Phonetic Association founded _____________ in and the _________ was designed

1886, IPA

The Reform Movement

→ GTM dominated from 1840 to 1940
main criticisms: tedious, boring study, frustration, no focus on communication
→ at the end of 19th century, the Reform Movement started
the primacy of speech
The International Phonetic Association founded in 1886, and the IPA was designed
Inductive learning was advocated
Intralingual associations emphasis (GTM was interlingual method)
naturalistic principles (natural methods, like babies, acquisition)

The Direct Method (DM)- when started?

at the end of 19th century

The Direct Method (DM)- who?

Gottlieb Heness, Lambert Sauveur, Maximilian Berlitz

The Direct Method (DM)- main features?

exclusive use of L2 in classroom instruction
only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught
the aim: communication
careful exchange in small, intensive classes
grammar taught inductively
vocabulary, demonstration, objects, pictures, associations
focus on speech and listening
correct pronunciation and grammar emphasised
students also learn about the target language community

The Direct Method (DM)- the main aim?

communication

The Direct Method (DM)- grammar taught______?

inductively

The Direct Method (DM)- focus on_____?

speech and listening, correct pronunciation and grammar emphasised

The Direct Method (DM)- Instructional guidelines:

→ never translate: demonstrate
→ never explain: act
→ never make a speech: ask questions
→ never imitate mistakes: correct
→ never speak with single words: use sentences
→ never speak too much: make the students speak much
→ never use the book: use your lesson plan
→ never jump around: follow your plan
→ never go too fast: keep keep the pace of the student
→ never speak too slowly: speak naturally
→ never speak too quickly: speak naturally
→ never speak to loudly: speak naturally
→ never be impatient: take it easy

The Direct Method (DM)- criticism

overemphasised L1 acquisition and L2 learning similarities, problematic in L2 classrooms, not cost- effectively, huge demands on teachers, lack of theoretical foundation
Its use gradually declined by 1920
Greatest popularity in small private schools- still present sometimes

DM

the Direct Method

ALM

The Audiolingual Method

The Audiolingual Method (ALM) - when started?

during WWII, the Army Specialised Training Program (1942) at 55 American Universities (the "Army Method")

The Audiolingual Method (ALM)- who?

Charles Fries, Nelson Brooks

The Audiolingual Method (ALM)- based on?

Based on a combination of structural linguistic theory, contrastive analysis, aural- oral procedures, and behaviourist psychology

The Audiolingual Method (ALM)- main features?

Language as a system of structurally related elements
Speech is language
Early practice- pronunciation and grammar, later- vocabulary
Order of skills: listening- speaking- reading- writing
Teach the language, not about language
Foreign language learning- a process of mechanical habit formation
Native- speaker models provided
Repetitions and memorisation- dialogues and drills (choral drills, repetition drills, gap fill with the same pattern)
Drills- good habits formation, mistakes- signs of bad habits
Generalisation and analogy (mechanical)
Inductive grammar teaching- rules are not provided, substitutional tables
L2 were used in the classroom, L1 may interfere
Teaching aspects of the foreign language culture

The Audiolingual Method (ALM)- order of skills?

listening- speaking- reading- writing

The Audiolingual Method (ALM)- grammar taught_____?

inductively, rules are not provided, substitutional tables

The Audiolingual Method (ALM)- types of drills/ patterns practie

1. Repetition- sound is as important as form and order

2. Inflection- eg. I bought the ticket vs I bought the tickets

3. Replacement

4. restatement

5. transposition- a change in word order is necessary when a word is added

I am hungry. (so)- So am I.

6. Transformation- a sentences is transformed by being made negative or interrogative or through changes in tense, mood, voice, aspect or modality

He knows my address.

He doesn’t know my address.

Does he know my address?

→ It is speaking but not communication

→ communication is not predictable- it is not taken into account

The Audiolingual Method (ALM)- till what time was popular?

popular till the end of the 1960s

The Audiolingual Method (ALM)- criticism?

low attainment of communicative skills, boring practice