Human Geo Unit 4 (political Geography)

Political geography.

What is the study of how humans divide up the Earth's surface for control and management purposes?

The idea that nations have the ability to govern themselves in their ancestral land is known as _.

self-determination

What type of force unites people within a state?

A centripetal force.

What type of force divides or pulls people within a state apart?

A centrifugal force.

In the context of the former Yugoslavia, how did the 1988 Olympics act as a centripetal force?

Winning the silver medal in basketball helped to unite the country and give them hope.

How did the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism serve as a centrifugal force in Yugoslavia?

The existing power structure collapsed, allowing old ethnic conflicts to resurface and divide the country.

Term: Devolution

The breakup of a state or the ceding of sovereignty to a sub-national group.

The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities, named after a peninsula in Southeast Europe, is called what?

Balkanization.

Term: Shatterbelt

A region caught between the interests of larger, more powerful outside interests, often experiencing political instability and conflict.

An effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and impose its political, economic, and cultural principles is known as _.

colonialism

How did the French colonial strategy in Haiti differ from the Spanish strategy in the Dominican Republic?

The French focused on maximum resource exploitation using a massive enslaved population, whereas the Spanish did not exploit their side as intensely.

What is a long-term environmental impact of French colonialism in Haiti?

The soil was destroyed due to the continuous harvesting of the same crop, leading to poor soil quality today.

The Atlantic Slave Trade had what long-term demographic effect on Africa?

It created a demographic imbalance because the slaves taken were mostly male.

In the US, what were the primary push factors for the Great Migration of African Americans from the South?

Fleeing Jim Crow laws, discrimination, violence, and the restrictive sharecropping system.

What were the primary pull factors for the Great Migration of African Americans to the North?

Seeking better economic opportunities, higher-paying jobs, advanced education, and greater political freedom.

What is the term for a location with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from the surrounding area, such as Harlem in New York?

An ethnic enclave.

The practice of denying financial services to residents of certain areas based on their race or ethnicity, institutionalized by the Home Owner's Loan Corporation, is known as what?

Redlining.

On HOLC residential security maps, which color designated the 'worst' areas, often inhabited by Black people and low-class whites, making it nearly impossible to get home loans?

Red.

What term describes the large-scale migration of white people from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban areas?

White flight.

What is the term for the system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that existed in South Africa?

Apartheid.

The process where wealthier individuals move into disinvested urban areas, leading to rising property values and the displacement of original, often minority, residents is called _.

gentrification

What is a 'state' in the context of political geography?

An independent territory with a government, defined borders, a permanent population, and recognition from other states.

What is a 'nation' in the context of political geography?

A group of people who have created a common identity through shared ethnicity, language, or culture.

What is a 'nation-state'?

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation, creating a fairly uniform cultural identity (e.g., Iceland, Japan).

Term: Multinational state

A state that contains clusters of multiple cultural or ethnic groups living inside its borders.

Term: Stateless nation

A people united by a common culture or identity but without a country of their own (e.g., Kurds, Palestinians).

Every 10 years, the U.S. government conducts a _ to count the population.

census

What is the process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives to different states based on census population data?

Reapportionment.

After reapportionment, the process of redrawing a state's internal political boundaries for voting districts is called _.

redistricting

What is the term for the manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one political party or group?

Gerrymandering.

What is the gerrymandering strategy of concentrating the opposing party's voters into a few districts?

Packing.

What is the gerrymandering strategy of spreading the opposing party's voters across many districts to dilute their voting power?

Cracking.

What is an electoral district where racial minority groups constitute the majority of the population called?

A majority-minority district.

What is the name of the international agreement that establishes legal claims to the territorial waters surrounding a country's border?

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

Under UNCLOS, how far from shore does a state's Territorial Water extend, where it can set laws regulating passage?

Up to 12 nautical miles.

The zone between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore where a state can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation is known as the _.

Contiguous Zone

What is the name of the zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from a state's coast, where it has sole right to explore and extract resources?

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

What is the term for water beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone that is open to all states?

The high seas or international waters.

What is China's justification for its claims in the South China Sea, often represented by the 'nine-dash line'?

It is based on 'historic rights,' arguing it was the first to discover and name the islands.

What strategic action has China taken on the Spratly Islands to enforce its territorial claims?

It has transformed reefs and islands into military bases with airstrips and advanced technology.

Describe China's 'cabbage strategy' in the South China Sea.

It involves wrapping reefs or islands in multiple layers of vessels to isolate them and assert dominance.

Why is the Arctic Ocean becoming a new frontier for geopolitical territorial claims?

The melting of Arctic ice is opening up new shipping routes and access to vast undiscovered resources like natural gas.

The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence is called _.

genocide

The purposeful policy designed by one ethnic group to remove the civilian population of another ethnic group from a certain geographic area is known as what?

Ethnic cleansing.

In Tunisia, what acted as the 'spark' for the protests that initiated the Arab Spring?

The self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, a fruit seller frustrated by government oppression and lack of economic opportunity.

What is meant by the term 'state fragility'?

It refers to a state's vulnerability to internal and external shocks, where a single event can trigger widespread instability or collapse.

In the 'Once Brothers' documentary, what item became an important symbol of Croat nationalism at the 1990 World Championships?

The Croatian flag.

What is an 'ethnoburb'?

A suburban area with a notable concentration of a particular ethnic group.

A purposeful policy to remove by violent means the civilian population of an ethnic or religious group from an area is called _.

ethnic cleansing

Which two groups were in conflict during the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina following the breakup of Yugoslavia?

Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats targeted the Bosniak (Muslim) population.

What is a city-state?

A sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside.

A country that contains many cultural groups is known as a _.

multiethnic state

A movement by a multi-state nation to unite other parts of its nation that are spread over other borders is known as _.

irredentism

How does the U.S. Senate potentially give 'disproportionate' power to states with smaller populations?

Every state receives two senators, regardless of its population size.

What was the main centrifugal force in Tunisia that led to the Arab Spring?

An oppressive government that excluded its people from the global economy and limited economic opportunities.

A fear of people of a particular ethnicity is called _.

ethnophobia

A fear of people who are from other countries is called _.

xenophobia

According to student notes, what is relocation diffusion?

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another, taking their culture with them.

The system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced is known as what?

Sharecropping.