The Stuarts

The Stuart Dynasty

1603-1714

James I

1603-1625

Charles I

1625-1649

Charles II

1660-1685

James II

1685-1688

William III and Mary II

1689-1702

Anne I

1702-1714

The Negative Confession

In 1581 he signed this document in which he rejected the Pope and Catholic doctrines.

James I’s wife

Anne of Denmark, 1590.

James I’s coronation

25th of July 1603, was delayed because of the Plague.

James I

He wanted to establish a singe kingdom under one monarchy and one Parliament. He was in favour of the Union between England and Scotland.

The Millenary petition

It was a petition signed by Puritans who were asking for small request concerning the Reformation of the Church of England, they asked to abolish superstitions and ceremonial practices. It was presented to James I in 1603 and it led to the Hampton Court Conference.

Hampton Court Conference

In 1604, James I convened a conference to address issues raised by the Millenary Petition, aiming to reconcile differences between the Church of England and Puritan demands. At first, this conference was in favour of toleration but the King rejected most of their demands: No Bishops, No King.

King James’s Bible

In 1611, James commissioned a new translation of the Bible. A commitee of 50 scholars, translators, linguists and theologians worked on it.

The Somerset Conference

In 1604, this Conference restored commercial relationships between england and the Spanish Netherlands.

The Gunpowder Plot

November the 5th 1605. It was a failed attempt to blow up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament using barrils of gunpowder. The plot was orchestrated by a group of English Catholics, including Guy Fawkes, to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne.

The Monteagle Letter

A letter sent to Lord Monteagle, a Catholic, warning him of the Gunpowder Plot, advising him to avoid the Houses of Parliament. Suspicious, he showed the letter to Robert Cecil who invistigated.

The consequence of the Gunpowder Plot

It led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment in England, resulting in harsher laws against Catholics: May 1606: Oath of Allegiance.

James I

had an extravaggant way of living, he loved hunting and was often absent from the Court, he had male favourites like George Villier, duke of Buckingham. He was often seen as a weak ruler, struggling with Parliament and issues of governance.

James I dissolved Parliament for the 1st time

Yes, in 1614, the King dissolved Parliament over tensions regarding finance and political control.

Charles I’s coronation and character

February 2, 1625. He stuttered and was insecure, he expressed his social akwardness throught authoritarian directivesand a strong belief in the divine right of kings.

Duke of Buckingham’s assassination

August 23, 1628.

The Petition of Right

Because of tensions between the monarchy and Parliament, Parliament produced, in 1628, a list of grievances in response to Charles’s abuses of power. This Constitutional docuement sought to limit the King's ability to levy taxes without Parliament's consent, imprison subjects without cause, and impose martial law during peacetime. It is considered a revival of Magna Carta (1215).

Charles I’s wife

married Henrietta Maria of France on June 13, 1625, shortly after his coronation.

The Thirty Years war

was a series of conflicts in Europe from 1618 to 1648, primarily involving the struggle between Catholic and Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1626, Charles I attempted to raise money to finance his wars without sumoning Parliament.

Charles’s personal rule ?

In 1629, the King dissolved Parliament for the first time. Then was a period from 1629 to 1640 when he governed without calling Parliament, leading to increased tensions and conflicts over royal authority. To bypass Parliament, he rule by decree and implemented various way to raise money: taxes.

1637

Charles I tried to impose an English book of Common prayer in Scotland, he challenged the Kirk. It led to the emmergence of two major groups: the Solemn League and the Scottish Convenanters.

William Laud

was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645, he wanted a more Catholic-style Church of England and organised a counter-reformation.

Arminianism

is a theological ideology that opposes predestination, emphasizing free will and the belief that God's grace is available to all individuals. It was influential during the 17th century and shaped debates within the Church of England.

Ireland during Charles I’s reign

faced significant unrest and conflict, marked by tensions between Protestant settlers and the Catholic majority. This culminated in the Ulster Rebellion of 1641, where 3000 Protestants were slaughtered because of Irish Catholic resented the English rule.

The Great Remonstrance

was a document presented to King Charles I by the Parliament in 1641, it was a list of all the grievances against the king's rule and calling for reforms in governance and the Church of England. It denounced the role of Bishops, papists and evil councilors. The document was rejected by the King.

The first Civil War

was sparked by King Charles I's attempt to arrest five members of Parliament in 1642, leading to a breakdown in relations between the monarchy and Parliament, and escalating tensions over issues of governance and authority.

Civil War’s main actors

King Charles I, Parliamentarians (Roundheads), and Royalists (Cavaliers), with significant figures like Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax playing pivotal roles.

Oliver Cromwell

was a military and political leader during the English Civil War, known for leading the Parliamentarian forces to victory against the Royalists. He later became Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, establishing a republican government. In July 1644, he won the Battle of Marston Moor which established him as Great Commander.

Oliver Cromwell and Henry Montagu’s debate

The debate centered around the governance of England, should the King be killed or brought to negotiations ? Oliver Cromwell argued that the King should be executed for high treason which led to the creation of the New Model Army in 1645.

The New Model Army

was a revolutionary military force formed by the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War in 1645. It was a permanent Army, based on merit and effectiveness not on social class. Thomas Fairfax was appointed General of this Army.

The different groups of dissenters

included various Protestant sects such as the Levellers, Diggers, and Quakers, who sought religious and political reforms during the English Civil War and the Interregnum.

The Putney debates ?

were a series of discussions in 1647 among the New Model Army's leaders and representatives of the Levellers, focusing on issues of governance and the rights of citizens.

The second civil war

After Charles I’s defeat against Parliamentarian forces, he was captured but secretely signed a military agreement (the engagement) with the Scots who invade England in 1648, aiming to regain his throne.

The 6th of December 1648

Colonel Pride led a purge of the Long Parliament, removing members who were not supportive of the New Model Army who wanted to put the King on Trial. This event is known as Pride's Purge, which resulted in the establishment of the Rump Parliament.

The charges against Charles I

He was accused of tyranny and of having waging war against his people, dissolving Parliament to rule alone for 11 years and invading England with the Scots. He was found guilty of high treason.

Charles I’s reaction to the trial

Charles I refused to recognize the court's authority, claiming it was illegal: “No court has the right to judge a king”. He maintained his position as king and refused to plead.

Charles I execution

on January 30, 1649, in front of the Banqueting House

Aftermath of Charles I execution

In February 1649, the Rump Parliament passsed an act to abolish monarchy and to establish a Republic known as the Commonwealth of England, led by Oliver Cromwell.

The Rump Parliament

On April 20th, 1649, was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell, leading to the establishment of a more authoritarian rule: the Protectorate.

The Barebones Parliament

was a short-lived assembly established in July 1653 by Oliver Cromwell,composed of nominated representatives.

The Protectorate

The period of rule under Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1658, characterized by military governance and the consolidation of power.

Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector

December 16, 1653.

The Instrument of Government

was the first written constitution in England, enacted in 1653, which established the framework for the Protectorate and outlined the powers of the Lord Protector. It was written by John Lambert.

The second constitution of the Protectorate

The Humble Petition and Advice, enacted in 1657, which aimed to establish a more monarchical government under Cromwell. The Parliament offered Oliver Cromwellthe title of king to strengthen his position as head of state, but he declined.

Oliver Cromwell’s death

on September 3, 1658, leading to the decline of the Protectorate as his son, Richard Cromwell, succeeded him but was deposed by the army in 1659 because of his weak leadership.

1603-1714

The Stuart Dynasty

1603-1625

James I

1625-1649

Charles I

1660-1685

Charles II

1685-1688

James II

1689-1702

William III and Mary I

1702-1714

Anne I

25th July 1603

James I’s coronation

1611

King James’s Bible

5th November 1605

The Gunpowder Plot

1628

The Petition of right

1629-1640

Charles I’s personnal rule

1653-1659

The Protectorate

1645

Creation of the New Model Army