diet exam 3

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism that convert food into energy for vital functions like growth, reproduction, and maintaining structure

Anabolism

biosynthesis: process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules (requires energy)

Catabolism

breaks down the bonds of larger molecules to form smaller molecules

Glycolysis & When it Occurs

The metabolic pathway that splits glucose into pyruvate; anaerobic

Coenzyme

Helps an enzyme carry out reactions

Cori Cycle

How glucose turns into lactate; muscles → glucose in liver → back to muscles

What can Glycerol be converted into during energy metabolism?

Glucose or pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

Once it is formed, it can be used to generate ATP or be used to make fatty acids.

What macronutrients can be stored as body fat?

Carbs, fats, and proteins when consuming extra calories beyond energy needs

Which pathway to form body fat is the most direct and efficient?

Dietary fat → body fat

Define a bomb calorimeter and what does it measure

An instrument used to measure the energy content of a substance by burning it in a high sealed pressure container and measuring the energy released

Adaptive Thermogenesis

The body’s ability to adjust its energy expenditure in response to changes in energy intake or environmental conditions

What happens metabolically during fasting?

Moves from burning glucose for energy to breaking down stored fat; GLYCOGEN IS USED UP FIRST

1 lb of fat equals

3500 kcal

Be able to calculate potential weight gain from excess calorie intake

500 kcal * 7 days = 3500 kcal = 1 lb of weight + x calories = y weight

Moderate alcohol intake

1 drink/day for women & 2 drinks/day for men

Standard serving size

Beer: 12 oz

Wine: 5 oz

Liquor: 1.5 oz

Primary site of alcohol metabolism

Liver

Appetite

The psychological desire or motivation to eat

Hunger

The physiological and psychological discomfort caused by the lack of sufficient good for the body to maintain its functions

Satiation

The feeling of fullness during a meal

Satiety

The feeling of fullness and satisfaction after eating & between meals

Which energy yielding nutrients is the most satiating

Protein

Which part of the brain controls appetite

Hypothalamus

BMI Classification for Underweight

<18.5

BMI classification Normal

18.5-24.9

Bmi Classification Overweight

25-29.9

BMI Classification Obese

≥ 30

BMI Limitations

Doesn’t take into account body type or muscle

Waist Circumference

Women: > 35 inches = bad

Men: > 40 inches = bad

Where is excess fat distribution the most harmful

Central fat

Hypertrophic obesity

Increase in size of fat cells

Hyperplastic obesity

Increase in number of fat cells

Which of the following iS not a method used to assess body fat?

Respiratory capacity

Leptin

Hormone produced by hypothalamus and adipocytes that promotes negative energy balance, suppress appetite, and increases energy expenditure

Ghrelin

Secreted by stomach cells, increases appetite & promotes indulgence

Fad diet characteristics

Sounds too good to be true, single good consistency, eliminates food groups, lose x lbs in x days, base evidence on anecdotes

Reasonable weight loss

½ - 2 lbs a week

Minimum K/Cal/day for weight loss

Women: 1200-1500 k/cal/day

Men: 1500-1800 k/cal/day

How can someone safely gain weight?

Eat nutrient-dense snacks and drink milk or smoothies between meals

Environment and Marketing and its affect on food choices

Obesity reflects the surrounding environment.

Obseogenic Environment

Settings that promote overeating and inactivity, large portion sizes, fast food conveniences, & past/present eating habits

Physical activity

DRI recommends 60 min/day for moderate activity

Gastric Bypass

Creates small stomach piuch, creates new stomach pouch directly to the small intestine, flow of food bypass most of the stomach, duodenum & jejunum

Gastric Banding

Creates a small stomach using an inflatable band. Stomach size is adjustable by adding/removing fluid

Sleeve gastrectomy

Removes 70-80% of the stomach. Tube shaped remaining stomach.

Which habit does not support healthy weight loss?

Eating very quickly

What happens to fat cellS during weight loss?

Fat cells decrease in size

Teue of False: Fad diets often limit food choices, which lowers energy intake temporarily?

True

True or False: Close proximity to fast food does NOT increase the risk of obesity

False

Which of these does not lower the metabolic rate?

Exercise

Some athletes may appear obese on BMI charts because they have high levels of ___?

Lean muscle mass

If someone breaks a leg and can't walk for 8 weeks, their body's extra energy use is due to

Adaptive thermogenesis and anabolism

Why do men generally have higher basal metabolic rates (BMRs) than women?

They have more lean muscle mass

What causes the burning feeling and fatigue during intense exercise?

Lactate buildup

Low-carbohydrate diets can lead to which metabolic effect?

Ketosis

Set Point theory

Body strives to achieve homeostasis

True or False: once a fat cell, always a fat cell

True

What fat is bad fat

Visceral fat