British Imperial Attempts to Reassert Control
British attempts to increase control over North American colonies after the French and Indian War.
Key Concepts
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Flashcards for AP US History Period 3 covering 1754-1800.
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British Imperial Attempts to Reassert Control
British attempts to increase control over North American colonies after the French and Indian War.
Key Concepts
Colonial Resistance and Revolutionary Ideals
Colonial resistance to British control, drawing on Enlightenment ideas and experiences with self-government.
The American Revolution
Armed conflict resulting from tensions between Great Britain and its American colonies.
Formation of a New Republic
Challenges of establishing a new government after independence, including the Articles of Confederation.
Early Republic Challenges
Debates over the role of the federal government, political parties, westward expansion, and slavery in the early republic.
Development of American Identity
Process by which diverse colonial populations began to develop a shared identity as Americans.
Road to Revolution (1754-1776)
Causes of the French and Indian War
Competition for resources in the Ohio River Valley between the British and French.
Outcome of the French and Indian War
British victory that established British dominance but also led to significant debt. Led to Treaty of Paris 1763
Impact of the French and Indian War
End of Salutary Neglect, increased British attempts to control and tax the colony
Proclamation of 1763
Prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Sugar Act (1764)
Act that raised revenue for the British crown by placing duties on foreign sugar and luxuries.
Stamp Act (1765)
Direct tax on most printed materials; met with widespread colonial protest.
Stamp Act Congress (1765)
Colonial representatives asserted that only their elected assemblies could levy taxes.
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
Organized resistance through boycotts, intimidation, and occasional violence.
Declaratory Act (1766)
Asserted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever.'
Townshend Acts (1767)
Taxes on imported goods like glass, lead, paper, and tea; led to renewed boycotts.
Boston Massacre (1770)
British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five, fueling anti-British sentiment.
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Colonial protest against the Tea Act, leading to destruction of tea in Boston Harbor.
Intolerable (Coercive) Acts (1774)
British response to the Boston Tea Party, designed to punish Massachusetts.
First Continental Congress (1774)
Colonial delegates met to discuss a unified response to the Intolerable Acts, called for boycotts.
Lexington and Concord (1775)
"Shot heard 'round the world" - first armed clashes between colonial militias and British troops.
Second Continental Congress (1775)
Formed the Continental Army, appointed George Washington as commander.
Thomas Paine's Common Sense (1776)
Influential pamphlet advocating for American independence and republican government.
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Articulating principles of natural rights, popular sovereignty, and the right to revolution.
The Revolutionary War
Saratoga (1777)
American victory convinced France to officially ally with the U.S.
Valley Forge (1777-1778)
Continental Army endured harsh winter, showcasing Washington's leadership.
Yorktown (1781)
Decisive American and French victory, leading to British surrender.
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Officially ended the war, recognized U.S. independence, and granted vast territory.
Building the New Nation (1781-1789)
Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)
First U.S. government; created a weak central government with strong state sovereignty.
Successes of the Northwest Ordinance
Northwest Ordinance (1787) - Established orderly process for admitting new states, prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Inability to tax, enforce laws, or regulate interstate commerce; led to economic instability.
Shays's Rebellion (1786-1787)
Uprising of indebted farmers in Massachusetts, highlighted weaknesses of the Articles.
Purpose of the Constitutional Convention (1787)
Revise the Articles of Confederation, but instead created a new Constitution.
Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)
Created a bicameral legislature (House of Representatives and Senate).
Three-Fifths Compromise
Counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.
Commerce Compromise
Congress could regulate trade but could not tax exports or interfere with the slave trade for 20 years.
Principles of the Constitution
Federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, popular sovereignty, limited government.
Federalists
Supported ratification, argued for a strong central government.
Anti-Federalists
Opposed ratification without a Bill of Rights, feared a powerful central government.
Bill of Rights (1791)
First ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights.
Hamilton's Financial Plan
Assumption of state debts, creation of a national bank, tariffs.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Federal response demonstrated the strength of the new federal government. Rebellion over an excise tax on Whiskey to pay off war debts - implemented by Alexander Hamilton
Washington's Farewell Address (1796)
Warned against political factions (parties) and permanent foreign alliances.
XYZ Affair (1797-1798)
Diplomatic incident with France that led to an undeclared naval war.
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Laws targeting immigrants and critics of the government.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)
Jefferson and Madison's response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, arguing for states' rights.
Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)
Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.
Significant People
George Washington
Commander of the Continental Army, first President
Benjamin Franklin
Diplomat, inventor, Founding Father
Thomas Jefferson
Author of the Declaration of Independence, third President.
John Adams
Advocate for independence, second President
Samuel Adams
Organizer of colonial resistance
Thomas Paine
Author of Common Sense
King George III
British monarch during the Revolution
Alexander Hamilton
Federal response demonstrated the strength of the new federal government. First Secretary of the Treasury
James Madison
Father of the Constitution, " authored the Bill of Rights, co-authored The Federalist Papers.
John Locke
Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence
Mercy Otis Warren
Female patriot, writer, and propagandist for the American Revolution
Abigail Adams
Early advocate for women’s rights, famously urged John Adams to “remember the ladies”
Crispus Attucks
African American man killed in the Boston Massacre, considered by some to be the first casualty of the Revolution
Pontiac
Ottawa chief who led a rebellion against British expansion