AP US History Period 3 Flashcards

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British Imperial Attempts to Reassert Control

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British attempts to increase control over North American colonies after the French and Indian War.

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Key Concepts

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Flashcards for AP US History Period 3 covering 1754-1800.

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British Imperial Attempts to Reassert Control

British attempts to increase control over North American colonies after the French and Indian War.

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Key Concepts

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Colonial Resistance and Revolutionary Ideals

Colonial resistance to British control, drawing on Enlightenment ideas and experiences with self-government.

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The American Revolution

Armed conflict resulting from tensions between Great Britain and its American colonies.

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Formation of a New Republic

Challenges of establishing a new government after independence, including the Articles of Confederation.

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Early Republic Challenges

Debates over the role of the federal government, political parties, westward expansion, and slavery in the early republic.

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Development of American Identity

Process by which diverse colonial populations began to develop a shared identity as Americans.

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Road to Revolution (1754-1776)

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Causes of the French and Indian War

Competition for resources in the Ohio River Valley between the British and French.

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Outcome of the French and Indian War

British victory that established British dominance but also led to significant debt. Led to Treaty of Paris 1763

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Impact of the French and Indian War

End of Salutary Neglect, increased British attempts to control and tax the colony

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Proclamation of 1763

Prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

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Sugar Act (1764)

Act that raised revenue for the British crown by placing duties on foreign sugar and luxuries.

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Stamp Act (1765)

Direct tax on most printed materials; met with widespread colonial protest.

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Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Colonial representatives asserted that only their elected assemblies could levy taxes.

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Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Organized resistance through boycotts, intimidation, and occasional violence.

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Declaratory Act (1766)

Asserted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever.'

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Townshend Acts (1767)

Taxes on imported goods like glass, lead, paper, and tea; led to renewed boycotts.

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Boston Massacre (1770)

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five, fueling anti-British sentiment.

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Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonial protest against the Tea Act, leading to destruction of tea in Boston Harbor.

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Intolerable (Coercive) Acts (1774)

British response to the Boston Tea Party, designed to punish Massachusetts.

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First Continental Congress (1774)

Colonial delegates met to discuss a unified response to the Intolerable Acts, called for boycotts.

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Lexington and Concord (1775)

"Shot heard 'round the world" - first armed clashes between colonial militias and British troops.

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Second Continental Congress (1775)

Formed the Continental Army, appointed George Washington as commander.

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Thomas Paine's Common Sense (1776)

Influential pamphlet advocating for American independence and republican government.

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Declaration of Independence (1776)

Articulating principles of natural rights, popular sovereignty, and the right to revolution.

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The Revolutionary War

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Saratoga (1777)

American victory convinced France to officially ally with the U.S.

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Valley Forge (1777-1778)

Continental Army endured harsh winter, showcasing Washington's leadership.

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Yorktown (1781)

Decisive American and French victory, leading to British surrender.

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Treaty of Paris (1783)

Officially ended the war, recognized U.S. independence, and granted vast territory.

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Building the New Nation (1781-1789)

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Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

First U.S. government; created a weak central government with strong state sovereignty.

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Successes of the Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance (1787) - Established orderly process for admitting new states, prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.

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Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Inability to tax, enforce laws, or regulate interstate commerce; led to economic instability.

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Shays's Rebellion (1786-1787)

Uprising of indebted farmers in Massachusetts, highlighted weaknesses of the Articles.

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Purpose of the Constitutional Convention (1787)

Revise the Articles of Confederation, but instead created a new Constitution.

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Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Created a bicameral legislature (House of Representatives and Senate).

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Three-Fifths Compromise

Counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

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Commerce Compromise

Congress could regulate trade but could not tax exports or interfere with the slave trade for 20 years.

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Principles of the Constitution

Federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, popular sovereignty, limited government.

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Federalists

Supported ratification, argued for a strong central government.

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Anti-Federalists

Opposed ratification without a Bill of Rights, feared a powerful central government.

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Bill of Rights (1791)

First ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights.

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Hamilton's Financial Plan

Assumption of state debts, creation of a national bank, tariffs.

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Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Federal response demonstrated the strength of the new federal government. Rebellion over an excise tax on Whiskey to pay off war debts - implemented by Alexander Hamilton

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Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

Warned against political factions (parties) and permanent foreign alliances.

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XYZ Affair (1797-1798)

Diplomatic incident with France that led to an undeclared naval war.

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Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Laws targeting immigrants and critics of the government.

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)

Jefferson and Madison's response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, arguing for states' rights.

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Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

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Significant People

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George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army, first President

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Benjamin Franklin

Diplomat, inventor, Founding Father

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Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence, third President.

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John Adams

Advocate for independence, second President

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Samuel Adams

Organizer of colonial resistance

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Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense

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King George III

British monarch during the Revolution

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Alexander Hamilton

Federal response demonstrated the strength of the new federal government. First Secretary of the Treasury

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James Madison

Father of the Constitution, " authored the Bill of Rights, co-authored The Federalist Papers.

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John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence

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Mercy Otis Warren

Female patriot, writer, and propagandist for the American Revolution

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Abigail Adams

Early advocate for women’s rights, famously urged John Adams to “remember the ladies”

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Crispus Attucks

African American man killed in the Boston Massacre, considered by some to be the first casualty of the Revolution

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Pontiac

Ottawa chief who led a rebellion against British expansion