Govert Honors World History Final

Age of Exploration

period from 1500-1800 driven by economic, religious, and political motivations, technological advances, and the Renaissance spirit

Technological Advances in the Age of Exploration

Smaller, more effective ships allowed for further and faster traveling. Astrolabe, Magnetic Compass, Better maps and charts aided in navigation.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops, and populations between the Americas and Europe.

New foods from America to Europe

Potatoes, corn, tomatoes

New animals from Europe to America

Horses, Cattle, pigs

Diseases Transferred to the Americas

Small pox, measles, and Malaria

Crops transferred to Americas

Wheat, sugar cane

Triangle trade

Raw materials from Americas, African slave trade, and European manufactured goods.

Trading company example

Dutch East India Company

Colonial Latin America

Spanish conquests of Aztec and Incans and Portuguese colonization of Brazil.

Spanish viceroyalties

Territory ruled by a viceroy representing the Spanish king.

Economic Transformation for the Colonial Powers

Plantation system, mining operations, and trade monopolies

Legacy of the Age of Exploration

Economic impacts, cultural exchange, environmental changes, and modern global connections.

Scientific Revolution

Period of scientific advancement from 1500-1700 that changed how people viewed the world and universe.

Impact of the Scientific Revolution

Introduced scientific method, challenged traditional beliefs, and led to major discoveries.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish mathematician and astronomer who developed the heliocentric theory.

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who built Uraniborg and collected data used by later scientists.

Johann Kepler

Continued Brahe's work, developed theory of the solar system, and created the Keplerian telescope.

Galileo

Italian scientist who discovered Jupiter’s moons, supported Copernican theory, and faced persecution.

Sir Isaac Newton

English physicist who developed laws of motion and gravity and invented calculus.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher who developed the scientific method.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher who promoted reason and logic: 'I think, therefore I am'.

John Locke

English philosopher who believed in natural rights (life, liberty, and property).

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who believed in absolute monarchy and described life without government as 'nasty, brutish, and short'.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who believed in direct democracy and that man is born free but corrupted by civilization.

Voltaire

French writer who advocated for free speech and criticized the Church and government.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who developed free market theory and introduced the 'invisible hand' concept.

Kievan Rus

Mix of early Vikings and Slavs.

Mongols (Tartars)

Conquered the Kievan Rus from 1200-1500.

Ivan IV

First Russian ruler to be crowned as tsar; known as Ivan The Terrible.

Oprichniki

Elite military/police force that used terror tactics to centralize Ivan’s power.

Time of Troubles

Period after Ivan IV's death with no heir; royal families fought for dominance.

Michael Romanov

First Romanov Tsar, chosen by assembly after the Time of Troubles.

Peter the Great

Tsar who westernized Russia, built St. Petersburg, and reformed the military.

Catherine the Great

German Princess who became ruler, expanded Russian territory, and wanted to end serfdom.

Alexander I

Defeated Napoleon in 1812 and joined the Third Coalition against France.

Nicholas I

Enforced autocracy, increased censorship, created secret police, and lost the Crimean War.

Alexander II

Ended serfdom in 1861, created local government councils, and modernized the military.

Nicholas II

Last Russian Tsar, credited for the Trans-Siberian Railroad but lost the Russo-Japanese War.

Origins of the French Revolution

Three Estates system, economic hardship, Enlightenment thinkers, and poor leadership.

Meeting of the Estates General

First meeting called since 1614 to address economic issues.

Tennis Court Oath

Members pledged not to disperse until a new constitution is created.

Major Mistakes by Louis XVI

Allowing Tennis Court Oath and bringing troops to Paris and Versailles.

The Storming of the Bastille

Prison fortress symbolizing royal authority, stormed by angry citizens seeking weapons.

The Great Fear

Wave of panic across the French countryside, resulting in attacks on noble estates.

Women's March on Versailles

Led by working women of Paris due to bread shortages and food prices.

The one house assembly

Abolished three-estate system, created a new constitution, and established a constitutional monarchy.

King and Queen

Attempted to escape Paris was caught in Varennes and brought back to Paris on house arrest.

Death of Marat

Radical journalist assassinated, becoming a martyr of the revolution.

End of revolution

Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory government and established the French Consulate.

The Congress of Vienna

Goal: restore balance after Napoleon; redrew European boundaries and restored the French monarchy.

Legacy of the French Revolution

Ended absolute monarchy, spread ideas of liberty and equality, and changed the European political landscape.

Reign Of Terror

Led by Maximillien Robespierre against counter-revolutionaries.

Industrial Revolution

Change from animal and human power to steam and machine power.

Biggest areas of change in Industrial Revolution

Transportation, communication, medicine, farming, energy, and textiles.

Three factors of industrial growth

Natural resources, human work and effort, and tools/machines/buildings.

Cottage industry

Business or manufacturing activities carried on in one's home.

Enclosure Movement

Legal processes which made lots of small farms into a large farm.

Agricultural Revolution

People fled to cities due to new farming inventions.

Benefits of Seed drill

Planted seeds at uniform depth and reduced seed waste.

Two major inventions in Transportation Revolution

Steamboat and car.

Impact of Steamboat

Faster river travel, connected inland cities, and upstream navigation.

Henry Ford and Mass Production

Introduced assembly line in 1913, made Model T affordable.

George Stephenson and Richard Trevithick

“Rocket” locomotive (commercial use) and First steam locomotive

The Bessemer Process

Removed impurities from iron to create steel.

Made possible by the Bessemer Process

Enabled construction of Railroads, skyscrapers, modern bridges

Major Communication Types Invented

Telegram, Telephone, and Radio

Nikola Tesla revolutionized electricity

Alternating Current motor

Thomas Edison Contribution

First usable light bulb in 1879

Alessandro Volta contribution

Battery invention that electrified the world.

Napoleon Bonaparte Background

Middle class, military mindset, became general by 1793

Napoleon Marriage

Married Joséphine De Beauharnais for connections.

Battle of the Nile reason

Trade, power, and land

Coup D’Etat

Military take over

Continental System

Blocks all ships going in or out of Britain.

Russia's Battle Preparations

Russians burned everything they could; winter set in.

Napoleon defeated

Battle of nations, or Leipzig

Napoleon Returns to France

Napoleon gives his speech of his life

Battle of Waterloo reason

Marshall Blucher and Duke of Wellington beat him.

Napoleon Ruling System

He wanted High Tariffs, Creates national bank, Allows nobles back

One country dominates and takes over another country for various reasons.

Imperialism (1600-1900)

Reason for Imperialism

Power, money, resources(gold, silver, diamonds, rubber, spices, tea, opium)

Most popular imperialists

UK, US, Belgium, Germany, France, and Russia

Cecil Rhodes, british statesman

Carve up Africa

Berlin Conference

African Colonies

Banning of Opium(1810ish)

Chinese trading laws

Alaska

Sold to the US from Russia

Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

Japan Trade

Commodore Matthew Perry

Boer wars

South Africa

British East India Tea Company

Big rebelion starts because of tea.

Taiping rebellion

More people died here than WW1

Hawaii

Dole Company

Congo

Biggest mass murder

Sepoy

An Indian soldier serving under British or European orders

Boxer(Chinese)

members of a secret society that led to the Boxer rebellion in Northern China

Social Darwinism

incorrectly applying Charles Darwin theory of evolution by natural selection to human society, claiming that some groups are inherently superior and destined to dominate others

Cue

A pony tail

ACS(Africa)

American Colonization Society-encouraged the migration of free African Americans to Africa

Corollary

A proposition that follows from one already proved