Chapter 1: Development

Vocabulary flashcards covering key economic and social development concepts, including metrics like HDI, IMR, and Per Capita Income, based on the Chapter 1 lecture notes.

Development

The idea of progress or aspirations about what a person would like to do and how they would like to live, which can vary and be conflicting between different individuals or groups.

National Development

Thinking about fair and just paths for a country's progress, considering whether certain ideas benefit a large number of people or only a small group.

Average Income

Also called Per Capita Income, it is the total income of a country divided by its total population.

World Development Reports

Reports brought out by the World Bank that classify countries based on the criterion of per capita income.

High Income Countries

Rich countries that, according to the $2024$ World Development Report, have a per capita income of US\text{ } \textdollar 66,500 per annum and above.

Low Income Countries

Countries that, according to the $2024$ World Development Report, have a per capita income of about US\text{ } \textdollar 2,300 or less.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of $1,000$ live children born in that particular year.

Literacy Rate

Measures the proportion of literate population in the $7$-and-above age group.

Net Attendance Ratio

The total number of children of the age group $15-17$ years attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age group.

Public Facilities

Goods and services provided collectively by the government or society, such as schools and healthcare, which are often the cheapest way to provide necessary benefits.

Public Distribution System (PDS)

A system of ration shops that provides essential food and nutrition to people, which helps improve the health status of a state's population.

Human Development Report

A report published by the UNDP that compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status, and per capita income.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A ranking based on a composite study of health, education, and income indicators, where Sri Lanka ranked $89$ and India ranked $130$ in the $2021-22$ period.

Life Expectancy at birth

Denotes the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A calculation used for comparing per capita income so that every dollar buys the same amount of goods and services in any country.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure used to find out if a person is properly nourished, calculated by dividing weight in $kg$ by the square of height in meters: $\frac{\text{weight}}{\text{height}^2}$.

Groundwater

An example of a renewable resource that is replenished by nature but is under serious threat of overuse in regions like Punjab and Western U.P.

Renewable Resources

Resources that are replenished by nature, such as crops and plants, which can still be exhausted if overused.

Non-renewable Resources

Resources like crude oil that have a fixed stock on earth and will get exhausted after years of use because they cannot be replenished.

Sustainability of Development

A new area of knowledge that seeks to ensure current levels of development are maintained for future generations without degrading the environment.