Bio semester 1 Final

Biology:

Study of living things

Cell:

Basic unit of all forms of life

Properties of life: Homeostasis

-The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing

Levels of Organization: Atom

Basic unit of matter

Levels of Organization: Molecules

Groups of atoms

Levels of Organization: Cells

Basic unit of living things

Levels of Organization: Tissue

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function

Levels of Organization: Organ

A collection of tissues that work together

Levels of Organization: Organ System

A collection of organs working together

Levels of Organization: Organism

Collection of organ systems(Individual living thing)

Levels of Organization: Population

Group of similar organisms living in the same place

Levels of Organization: Community

All of the populations in a specific area

Levels of Organization: Ecosystem

The collection of all of the communities and non-living things(air, dirt, and water) in an area

Levels of Organization: Biosphere

Part of earth that contains all ecosystems

Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

Steps of Scientific Method

Step 1: Ask a question

Step 2: Do background research

Step 3: Construct a hypothesis

Step 4: Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment

Step 5: Analyze the data and draw a conclusion

What is a Hypothesis?

Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question, If, Then statement

Variable

Independent: factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed; also called manipulated variable

Dependent: variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable; also called the responding variable

Controlled Experiment

experiment in which only one variable is changed

Factors that would reduce competition within a species

Symbiotic Relationship:

Relationship in which two species live close together

3 Types of Symbiosis: Parasitism

One organism lives off another organism

One Benefits-One is Harmed

3 Types of Symbiosis: Commensalism

When One organism is harmed and the other does NOT benefit nor is harmed

3 Types of Symbiosis: Mutualism

When BOTH organisms benefit

Niche:

full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

Habitat:

area where an organism lives including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it

Autotroph:

organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer

Heterotroph:

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer

Carnivore:

organism that obtains energy by eating animals

Omnivore:

organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals

Decomposer:

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

Food Chain:

a series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Food Web:

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Where does all of our food energy ultimately come from?

Sun

Subatomic Particles: Protons

Positively (+) charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom

Subatomic Particles: Neutrons

Neutral(no charge) particles

Subatomic Particles: Electrons

Negatively (-) charged particles that are located and form an electron cloud around the nucleus

Relationship between atomic number, mass number, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Atomic Number = Protons

Protons = Electrons

Protons + Neutrons = Mass Number

Mass Number - Protons = Neutrons

Mass Number - Neutrons = Protons

Ionic vs Covalent bonds

Ionic- Electrons are transferred

Covalent- Electrons are shared(Single bond=Sharing of 2 electrons, Double bond=Sharing of 4 electrons, triple bond=Sharing of 6 electrons)

Parts of Cell Theory

The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms

All living things are made of cells

All cells come from preexisting cells

Difference between Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Prokaryote: No nucleus

Eukaryote: Has Nucleus

Functions of the nucleus

Control center of cell, holds genetic material(DNA), and contains the information needed to make proteins

Mitochondria

Provides most of energy needed for a cell, converts glucose to ATP

Cytoplasm

Is where cell expansion as well as growth and replication are carried out

Also holds Nucleus, Organelles(perform specialized functions), and the Cytoskeleton(gives shape and support, Anchor's organelles, and allows some cells to move)

Chloroplasts

They convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Golgi Apparatus

Prepares large molecules for storage in the cell or for secretion out of the cell

Ribosome

Makes proteins out of amino acids

Cell Membrane

Separates the cell's contents from it's environment

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

An extensive network of membranes that produce materials for the cell

With Ribosome attached(Rough ER): Helps synthesize proteins and manufacture new cell membranes

Without Ribosomes attached(Smooth ER): Makes lipids, processes carbohydrates, and modifies chemical toxic to the cell

Differences between plant and animal cells

Plants have a chloroplast, cell wall, and vacuole

Parts of a Solution

Solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent

Solvent: the substance in which a solute dissolves

Ex: Kool-Aid powder(Solute) is put into water(solvent) and then makes Kool-Aid(Solution)

Process of Diffusion

Movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; Once the concentrate is evenly distributed, Equilibrium is reached

Process of Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Hypertonic: High solute concentration

Hypotonic: Low solute concentration

Isotonic: Equal concentrations of solute

Structure of DNA

"twisted ladder" made of nucleotides

DNA replication

Process by which DNA is replicated

1 step: DNA unzips(Enzymes split apart and unwind the DNA double helix)

2 step: Bases Pair Up(Free nucleotides in the cell find their complementary bases along the new strands with the help of DNA polymerase)

3 step: Backbone bonds(The sugar-phosphate backbone is assembled to complete the DNA strand)

2 new double helixes are formed--1 strand of old and one of new DNA

Write the complementary strand for this DNA strand: C-G, A-T

AGTCGTCGATCGAT

TCAGCAGCTAGCTA

Codon

Three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

Ex: CUU, CUA, UGA, UAA, UAG

Process of Translation

3 Steps:

1. Initiation(mRNA attaches to ribosome)

2. Elongation(lengthening of the amino acid chain(tRNA))

3. Termination: (ribosome reaches a stop, codon and protein are released)

Process of Protein Synthesis

1. Transcription: Genetic information from DNA copied to a strand of mRNA. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA and then binds RNA bases to their complementary bases on the DNA strand)

2. Translation: The code of language located within the nucleic acids is changed into the language of proteins

Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA

DNA RNA

-Double Stranded -Single=Stranded

-Deoxyribose sugar group -Ribose sugar group

-Base Pairs: C-G, A-T -Base Pairs: C-G, A-U

Frame Shift Mutation

The deletion or addition of nucleotides resulting in the disruption of codons

Point Mutation

A change in only one nucleotide; the substitution of one base