MCB 245 Practical 1

define the latin prefix: ante-

before

define the latin prefix: anti-

against

define the latin prefix: brachi-

arm

define the latin prefix: cephal-

head

define the latin prefix: chondro-

cartilage

define the latin prefix: ecto-

outside, outer

define the latin prefix: endo-

within, inner

define the latin prefix: intra-

within

define the latin suffix: -itis

inflammation

define the latin prefix: myo-

muscle

define the latin prefix: osteo-

bone

define the latin suffix: -pathy

disease

define the directional term: coronal plane

Vertical plane divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

define the directional term: transverse plane

Horizontal plane divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

define the directional term: sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right; into unequal

portions

define the directional term: midsagittal plane

Special type of sagittal plane that divides body equally into left and right halves

define the directional term: anterior

front

define the directional term: posterior

rear

define the directional term: superior

towards the top of the head

define the directional term: inferior

towards the feet

define the directional term: medial

towards midline

define the directional term: lateral

away from midline

define the directional term: proximal

Closer to attachment of trunk (limbs)

define the directional term: distal

Farther from attachment of trunk (limbs)

define the directional term: ventral

belly side

define the directional term: dorsal

back side

define the directional term: superficial

outside, closer to the surface

define the directional term: deep

inside, farther from the surface

Name the four types of tissue

epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective

four functions of epithelial tissue

physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensations

structure of simple squamous epithelium

single layer of thin, flat cells

function of simple squamous epithelium

rapid diffusion and filtration, secretion in serous membranes

location of simple squamous epithelium

air sacs in lungs, lining of lumen of blood and lymph vessels, serous membranes of body cavities

structure of simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

absorption and secretion, forms secretory tissue

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

lining of kidney tubules, thyroid gland follicles, surface of ovary, secretory regions and ducts of most exocrine glands

structure of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

single layer of nonciliated (no cilia) cells that are taller than they are wide

function of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

secretion and absorption

location of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

lining of gastrointestinal tract

structure of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

single layer of ciliated cells that are taller than they are wide

function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia

location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

lining of the larger bronchioles of the lungs and uterine tubes

structure of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of cells with varying heights, all cells connect to basement membrane but may not reach the apical surface, has goblet cells and cilia

function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

protection, secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along the apical surface of epithelium by cilia

location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

lining of the larger airways of respiratory tract

structure of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of cells with varying heights, all cells connect to basement membrance but not all cells reach apical surface, lacks goblet cells and cilia

function of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

protection

location of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

lining of part of the male urethra and epididymis

structure of (nonkeratinized) stratified squamous epithelium

multiple cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal but apical cells are squamous

function of (nonkeratinized) stratified squamous epithelium

protection of underlying tissue from abrasion

location of (nonkeratinized) stratified squamous epithelium

lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, part of larynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus

structure of stratified cuboidal epithelium

two or more layers of cells, cells at the apical surface are about as tall as they are wide

function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

protection and secretion

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles

structure of stratified columnar epithelium

two or more layers of cells, cells at the apical surface are taller than they are wide

function of stratified columnar epithelium

protection and secretion

location of stratified columnar epithelium

large ducts of salivary glands, conjunctiva covering the eye, and membranous part of male urethra

structure of transitional epithelium

relaxed transitional epithelial tissue has cuboidal cells and apical cells are large and rounded, distended transitional epithelium has flattened cells at the apical surface

function of transitional epithelium

stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary bladder, and part of urethra

location of transitional epithelium

lining of urinary, bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

six functions of connective tissue

physical protection, support & structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, immune protection

three kinds of proper loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

structure of areolar connective tissue

scattered fibroblasts within an abundant viscous ground substance; few elastic and collagen fibers; many blood vessels

function of areolar connective tissue

protects tissues and organs, provides space for blood vessels and nerves

location of areolar connective tissue

Papillary layer of the dermis (skin); subcutaneous layer (deep to skin); surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and blood vessels

structure of adipose connective tissue

Closely packed adipocytes; nucleus pushed to edge of cell by large fat droplet; contains many blood vessels

function of adipose connective tissue (fat)

Stores energy; insulates, cushions, and protects

location of adipose connective tissue

Subcutaneous layer, surrounds and covers some organs

structure of reticular connective tissue

some fibroblasts and numerous leukocytes within a viscous ground substance, meshwork of reticular fibers

function of reticular connective tissue

provides stroma (supportive framework) to lymphatic organs

location of reticular connective tissue

spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

three types of proper dense connective tissue

dense reticular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, elastic connective tissue

structure of dense regular connective tissue

densely packed, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance, limited blood vessels

function of dense regular connective tissue

attaches bone to bone (most ligaments) as well as muscle to bone (tendon); resists stress applied in one direction

location of dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

structure of dense irregular connective tissue

Fibroblasts between densely packed but randomly arranged and clumped collagen fibers; more ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; extensive blood vessels

function of dense irregular connective tissue

withstand stresses applied in all directions

location of dense irregular connective tissue

Reticular layer of the of dermis (skin): epimysium covering skeletal muscle; epineurium covering nerves; periosteum covering bone; perichondrium covering cartilage; some organ capsules

structure of elastic connective tissue

limited fibroblasts between densely packed elastic fibers

function of elastic connective tissue

allows for stretching and recoil

location of elastic connective tissue

walls of elastic arteries, trachea, vocal cords

three types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

structure of hyaline cartilage

Irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae; glassy-appearing ground substance; collagen fibers are not visible

function of hyaline cartilage

provides support; forms most of fetal skeleton

location of hyaline cartilage

Tip of nose; trachea; most of larynx, costal cartilage; articular ends of long bones; most of fetal skeleton

structure of fibrocartilage

Large chondrocytes in lacunae; numerous, parallel collagen fibers; limited ground substance

function of fibrocartilage

Weight-bearing cartilage that resists compression; acts as shock absorber in some joints

location of fibrocartilage

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

structure of elastic cartilage

Closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae; abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; limited ground substance

function of elastic cartilage

maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility

location of elastic cartilage

external ear, epiglottis of larynx

Structure of bone

osteocytes within lacunae entrapped in calcified extracellular matrix which contains protein fibers and ground substance

function of bone

provides levers for body movement, supports soft structures, protects organs, stores calcium and phosphorus; spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue and is the site for hemopoiesis

structure of blood

Contains formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets); dissolved protein within a liquid ground substance called plasma

Function of blood

erythrocytes transport respiratory gases (oxygen and CO2), leukocytes help protect the body from infectious agents, platelets help with blood clotting

osmosis

Passive movement of water through selectively permeable membrane

diffusion

Net movement of a substance from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration

hypertonic

a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (like salt or sugar) than another fluid or cell

hypotonic

a lower concentration of solutes (like salt or sugar) and a higher concentration of water than another fluid

isotonic

equal osmotic pressure and solute concentration in 2 solutions