AP Biology Unit 1 to Know

Hydroxyl

-OH

Carbonyl

>CO

Amino

-NH2

Sulfhydryl

-SH

Phosphate

-OPO3-2

Methyl

-CH3

6 most common elements (CHNOPS)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Lipid elements

CHO (P)

Nucleic Acid elements

CHONP

Carbohydrates elements

CHO

Protein elements

CHONS

Polymer

Many chain-like molecules/many monomers

Monomer

1 macromolecule

Catabolic reaction

Chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

Anabolic reactions

Chemical reactions that build new more complex molecules from simpler ones

Enzymes

Protein to speed up chemical reactions by lowing activation energy

Dehydration synthesis

Removing H2O to combine monomers (Anabolic)

Hydrolysis

Adding water to break apart polymers into monomers. (Catabolic reaction)

Monosaccharides

One sugar/carbohydrate

Polysaccharide

Many sugar

Glycosidic linkages

Covalent bonds formed between monosaccharides

Glycogen and starch composition

Long chains of glucose monosaccharides

Cellulose and chitin (Spider) composition

Polysaccharides

Fat composition

A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules (triglyceride)

Saturated fatty acids

No double bonds & solid at room temp

Unsaturated fatty acids

1+ double bonds & liquid at room temp

Phospholipid

Structure of cell membrane. Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tail. Amphipathic

Steroids

4-ringed carbon skeleton