Bio-202 Topic 1: cellular communication and endocrine system physiology

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

It is a system of blood cesskes thar connects the hypothalamus and the anterioe pituitarty gland.

What are hormones?

Chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream to produce a specific effect

What is the pituitary gland?

The gland in the brain that controls the function of other endocrine glands.

What is the thyroid gland?

The grand in the neck that produces hormones that regulate metabolism and energy production.

What are the adrenal glands?

The glands on top of the kidneys that produce hormones that help regulate stress response and blood pressure.

What does the pancreas produce?

Insulin which decreased blood sugar levels and glucagon, which increases his blood sugar levels.

What do the ovaries and testes produce?

Sex hormones that regulate reproductive function

What are the symptoms of primarily endocrine disorders?

Fatigue weight changes mood alterations changes in bodily functions

Which gland or organ is responsible for a regularly hormone production in secondary endocrine disorders?

Pituitary or hypothalamus

What is hypothalamus responsible for pro

Hormones that regulate the pituitary gland

What are some treatments strategies for primarily endocrine disorders?

Hormone replacement therapy or medication that regulate hormone production

What are some treatment strategies for secondary or tertiary endocrine disorders?

Addressing the underlining cause of the fixed function, such as surgery or radiation therapy

What is intercellular communication?

Communication that occurs between different cells

What is signal transduction?

The process by which signals are converted into cellular responses

What is juxtacrine signaling?

When cells physically touch and transfer signals through proteins on their surface

What is endocrine signaling?

When a signal molecule is released into the bloodstream to reach distant target cells

What is intracellular communication?

Communication that occurs within a single cell

What are some examples of signally molecules involved in a cellular communication?

Hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors

What is a paracrine signaling?

When a cell releases a signal molecule that travels a short distance to target cells nearby

What would happen if cellular communication did not occur?

Cells would not be able to coordinate their activities and respond to changes in their environment, leading to a breakdown in homeostasis and potentially serious health consequences

What is autocrine signaling?

Similar to paracrine cycling, but the signal molecule acts on the same cell that released it

Why is cellular communication important?

It allows sales to coordinate activities and respond to changes in their environment.

What biological systems rely on solar communication

The immune system, nervous system and endocrine system.

What is the role of signaling pathways in maintaining cellular functions

To regulate processes, such as cell growth, fractional, and apoptosis