anatomy lab exam 1 master cards

superior/inferior

above/below

anterior(ventral)/posterior(dorsal)

towards the front/towards the back

medial/lateral

toward the midline/to the sides

bilateral

paired structures

ipsilateral/contralateral

same side/opposite sides

proximal/distal

close to point of attachment/farther from point of attachment

superficial/deep

close to body surface/more internal

cranial cavity

contains brain

vertebral cavity/spinal cavity

contains spinal cord, surrounded by backbone

thoracic cavity

lungs, mediastinum (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus)

abdominal cavity

stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small/large intestine

pelvic cavity

terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

thoracic membranes

visceral & parietal pleura, pericardium, fibrous pericardiium

abdominopelvic membranes

visceral & parietal peritoneum

passive processes

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

active processes

active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis

diffusion

movement of particles from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; passive

facilitated diffusion

diffusion utilizing membrane ion channels or transporters, water soluble substances

osmosis

diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

osmotic pressure

ability for water to oppose gravity due to osmosis, greater concentration gradient of impermeant solute will increase this

hydrostatic pressure

opposes further water movement

isotonic solution

same osmotic pressure, no net gain or loss of water

hypertonic solution

higher osmotic pressure, cells lose water and crenate

hypotonic solution

lower osmotic pressure, cells gain water and lyse

endocytosis

movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle, substances too large to enter by other methods can enter cell this way

pinocytosis

endocytosis; membrane engulfs droplets of liquid

phagocytosis

endocytosis; membrane engulfs solid particles

receptor-mediated endocytosis

membrane engulfs specific substances which have bound to receptor proteins on membrane

exocytosis

release of substances/particles from the cell, e.g. neurotransmitters

transcytosis

combines receptor mediated endocytosis and exocytosis to ferry particles through a cell

ribosomes

protein synthesis, found on rough ER and in cytoplasm

rough endoplasmic reticulum

studded with ribosome, storage and transport of proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

steroid and lipid synthesis, metabolism, and drug detox

golgi apparatus

packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomes

lysosomes

digestive enzymes, digest worn-out organelles and foreign substances, can destroy cell if ruptured

peroxisomes

enzymes that detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and other harmful chemicals, abundant in liver and kidney cells

mitochondria

rod-shaped with cirstae, oxidize foodstuffs and produce ATP

centrioles

paired, cylindrical bodies of microtubules that direct formation of mitotic spindle in cell division

cytoskeletal elements

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments