3RD QTR: ORAL COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION

Communication is a systemic process by which people interact through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal symbols to create and interpret meanings.

MISCOMMUNICATION

• Failure to understand adequately

• Can lead to confusion, animosity, misunderstanding

• Human communication is incredibly complex

• Every person interprets the message they receive based on their relationship with that person

• Emotion might cloud understanding

• Recognize that passive hearing and active hearing are not the same Listen with your eyes, ears, and gut

• Take time to understand as you try to be understood Be aware of your personal perceptual filters

• Don’t assume that you perception is the objective truth

TRANSIMISSION MODEL

Simple

TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

Complex, exchange of ideas between two parties Our perception filters continuously send message

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING AND DELIVERY

• Speech writing and delivery are essential skills that allow speakers to convey their message clearly, persuasively, and memorably.

• Sourcing Information

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Representation of what something is and how it works. A communication model is designed based on the different theories or perspectives

BARNLUND’S MODEL

Dean Barnlund (1970) presents the complex and multi-layered system of communication, where messages are sent back and forth

LINEAR / TRANSMISSION

One way

INTERACTIVE

Two-way with feedback

TRANSACTIONAL

Two-way with immediate feedback

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• Linear

• Speaker → Speech → Occasion → Audience Effect

LASWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• Linear

• Who → What → Which channel → To whom → With what effect

BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1948)

• Noise

• Information Source: Sender

• Transmitter: Encoder

• Channel

  • Noise

• Reception: Decoder

• Destination: Receiver

• Feedback (parallel to the noise, because the kind of feedback the receiver will have depends/varies on the noise)

OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (1954)

• Non-linear, but a cycle

• Message → Decoder/Interpreter/Encoder → Message → Encoder/Interpreter/Decoder → Message

FIELD OF EXPERIENCE

Overlap (if there’s no overlap, nothing will happen)

WHITE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• Symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feed backing, monitoring, thinking, etc.

• Communication as a circular and continuous process. Communication may be observed from any point in the cycle

TRANSACTIONAL MODELS

Most dynamic of communication of models

WOOD’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• Both communicators send a nd receive messages simultaneously

• Involves encoding and decoding, with an emphasis on the role of noise and the shared meaning btwn individuals

• Elements: Communicator A, Communicator B, Message, Decoding Reaction, Response, Noise, Shared Messages, Interpretation of Meaning

HAMILTON’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• Both senders and receivers interact

• Emphasizes the importance of motivation, frame of reference, a consistency in verbal and nonverbal codes

• Elements: Person A, Person B, Stimulation, Motivation, Encoding, Decoding, Frame of Reference, Code (Verbal, Vocal, Nonverbal), Channel, Feedback, Environmental, Noise

DUNN & GOODNIGHT’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• Sender and receiver are active participants, continuously sending and receiving messages

• Physical and Psychological factors, greatly influence how messages are interpreted

SENDERS

Convey messages by converting their thoughts into symbols or observable signals such as words (Codification)

RECEIVERS

Hear the signals and convert the symbols into their thoughts (Decoding, deciphering, interpretation)

MESSAGES

• Ideas or thoughts that are transmitted from sender to receiver

• Meaning depends on the interpretation of hte receiver

SCHEMA

• Similarity btwn the culture and experience of both parties

• Field of experience

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL SYMBOLS

• Observable signals transmitted from sender to receiver

• Dont have meaning in themselves

VERBAL

Coming from the mouth of the speaker

NONVERBAL

Coming from the body movements

CHANNELS

• Medium through which the msg is sent

• Connects sender n receiver

NOISE

Anything that reduces the quality of the signal sent (weakens the communication)

FEEDBACK

• Message transmitted by receiver in response to message of speaker

• Feednacl enables sender to make adjustments (improving pronunciation)

INTRAPERSONAL

Talking to yourself, involves deliberation and meditation

INTERPERSONAL

Exchange of ideas, information, and msgs, btwn 2 or more ppl

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

Based on speaker’s purpose for communication (verbal n nonverbal cues)

REGULATION AND CONTROL

Control others by managing their behavior

SOCIAL INTERACTION

Primary reason why we communicate (connected w one another)

MOTIVATION

Purpose is to persuade or try to persuade another person to change their opinion

INFORMATION

Speaker wants to make others aware of certain data

EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION

Move another person to action, appeals to listener’s feelings