Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on prenatal to infancy development, exceptionalities in children, and related topics.

Chromosomes

Stores and transmits genetic information within the nucleus of cells.

Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and ovum) that combine during conception to form a zygote.

Zygote

The new organism formed when gametes (sperm and ovum) combine.

Mitosis

Cell division process by which the zygote reproduces itself, creating body cells.

Meiosis

Cell division process that results in genetically unique cells.

Monozygotic Twins

Twins who share one genotype and usually one placenta.

Dyzygotic Twins

Twins resulting from two ova fertilized by two sperm, having two placentas.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome.

Dominant-Recessive Principle

The principle where a dominant gene overrides a recessive gene.

Homozygous

Having two identical genes (same allele).

Heterozygous

Having two different genes (different alleles).

Allele

An allele is a gene that occupies a particular position in a chromosome.

Genotype

The total genetic code, which may not all be physically expressed.

Phenotype

Overt physical traits influenced by genes and environment.

Dominant Inheritance

A genetic condition arising from one dominant gene.

Carriers

Individuals who carry a recessive gene but do not show the disease.

Recessive Inheritance

A genetic condition arising from two recessive genes.

Codominance

When two heterozygous but powerful alleles are both fully and equally expressed.

Sex-linked Transmission

Genetic traits passed down through sex chromosomes, affecting males more often.

Genomic/Genetic Imprinting

When one of the two parents’ genes is silenced and not expressed.

Polygenic

A trait influenced by multiple genes rather than just one pair.

Genetic Mutation

A permanent change in DNA.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Genetic abnormalities during meiosis, such as Turner syndrome and Down syndrome.

Turner syndrome

Only 1 X chromosome (45 total).

Down syndrome

3x chromosome 21.

Genetic Counseling

A procedure to understand inheritance risks and study a baby's genes.

Amniocentesis

Prenatal Detection/Screening

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Prenatal Detection/Screening

Ultrasound

Prenatal Detection/Screening

Newborn Screening (NBS)

Prenatal Detection/Screening

Genetics

Study of heredity and variation in organisms: function.

Behavioral genetics

How genes and the environment determine behavioral attributes.

Genes

Units that make up chromosomes.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Genetic material that directs body development.

Gene Expression

Converts genetic information into action.

Environment (Nurture)

External factors that affect development.

Nonshared Envi Influences (NSE)

Environmental influences that people living together do not share.

Shared Envi Influences (SE)

Environmental influences that people living together share.

Reaction Range

People have a genetically determined range of potential.

Canalization

Tendency of heredity to restrict development.

Genotype/Genetic-Environment Correlations

Our genes influence the environment.

Epigenesis

Heredity and environment influence each other in a two-way process resulting in behavior.

Ovum

Spot in ovary - corpus luteum.

Conception

Zygote travels to uterus for implantation.

Ovular/Germinal Stage

Conception to implantation. Fertilization > mitosis > compaction > morula > differentiation > blastula > implantation

Embryonic Stage

Embryonic disc forms 3 layers.

Fetal Stage

Longest pre-natal period.

Quickening

Movements felt.

Teratogens

Harmful environmental agents.

Pre-Natal Stage

Conception to birth (main focus). Where life & development begins.

Peri-Natal Stage

Around the time of birth.

Neo-Natal Stage

First 28 days after birth.

Embryonic Stage

Placenta begins forming.

Fetal Stage

More human-like appearance. Growth and refinement of organ systems.

Maternal Age

Ideal age to have a baby.

Pre-term baby

Before 37 weeks/9 mo.

Full term

38-42 weeks/9 mo.

Post-term

After 42 weeks / 10 mo.

APGAR Test

assesses baby’s vital signs right after birth

Newborn Screening (RA 9288)

Done within 72 hours to detect congenital metabolic disorders

Perinatal Environment

Environment surrounding birth, drugs given to mother during delivery, delivery practices, social envi

Labor

Longest stage contraction every 2-3 mins .

Delivery (Childbirth)

Fetus starts passing through cervix Squeeze and push abs.

Afterbirth

Continuous contractions Expel placenta & remaining umbilical cord.

Birth Process (Kinds of Delivery)-Vaginal

Stage 1: Contractions. Stage 2: Baby delivered (crowning). Stage 3: Placenta expelled

Cesarean Section

Surgery incision in the abdominal and uterine wall.

Anoxia

oxygen deprivation

Premature delivery

Low birth weight Less than 37 weeks.

Repertoire of inborn reflexes

Inborn involuntary automatic response (survival).

Lamaze childbirth

Grantly Dick-Read & LamazeGoal: reduce mother’s birth pains and medical interventions.

Water Birthing

Warm tub of water Weight, relax, freedom to moveReduce catecholamine.

Home Delivery

Registered midwives until postpartum. Primary aid tradition presence of family.

Cesarean Deliveries (C-section)

Surgery incision in the abdominal and uterine wall No pain giving birth Delayed recovery.

Molding process

temporary distortion of baby’s soft skull to pass thru vagina.

Change in Sleep First Months

1 mo - 14-16 hrs.

Attachment

an emotional bond that a child feels towards the caregiver child develops a sense of security when caregivers are available and responsive to needs.

Attachment- Resistant (Ambivalent)

high distress when caregiver leaves.

Attachment-Avoidant

form from insensitive or rejecting caregiving.

Attachment-Disorganized Attachment

results from unpredictable, frightening, or abusive caregiving.

Play

activities undertaken for enjoyment/recreation.

Functional Play

Simple, repetitive actions (e.g., rolling a ball).

Constructive Play

Manipulating objects to create something else (e.g., stacking blocks).

Onlooker Play

Observational, watching others play.

Parallel Play

Playing near others but not interacting (solitary).

Associative Play

Sharing materials but not fully coordinated (independent activities).

Cooperative Play

Fully interactive, with turn-taking and teamwork (shared goal).

CHILDREN WITH EXCEPTIONALITIES

Beyond what is typical (normal).

Impairment

loss/reduced function of a body part/organ.

Disability

condition (impairment) that limits a person’s ability to perform daily activities.

Disease

Problem with structure or function, causes symptoms affecting a specific location (physical condition).

Disorder

Psychological dysfunction related with distress or impairment & non culturally expected reaction (behavior condition).

Syndrome

collection of symptoms that occur together.

Handicap

a disadvantage and a difficulty for a PWD to interact with the environment. If the disability leads to educational, personal, social, vocational, or other problems

At risk

likely to develop/be diagnosed with disability.

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER [1]

Spectrum - variability of behaviors Criteria for ASD.

DYSLEXIA

reading difficulties Symbols processing.

DYSGRAPHIA

writing disability Motor skills.

DYSCALCULIA

math learning disability.

DYSPHASIA

spoken language disorder Language processing.

EARLY INTERVENTION

Delivery of a coordinated and comprehensive set of specialized support and services. Infants (<2 YO).