Unit Test Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from Physics, Biology, and Chemistry unit review notes.

Light

A form of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye, traveling in waves and photons.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The entire range of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Refraction

Light is bent when passing between media of different densities.

Convex Lens

Converges light.

Concave Lens

Diverges Light.

Myopia

Clear vision near, blurry far.

Hyperopia

Clear vision far, blurry near.

Cornea

Focuses light.

Iris/Pupil

Controls light entry.

Lens

Fine-tunes focus.

Retina

Contains photoreceptors.

Vitreous Humor

Maintains eye shape

Cell Theory

States all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Nucleus

DNA storage.

Mitochondria

ATP Production.

Cell Membrane

Selective Barrier.

Chromosome

Genetic Material.

Prokaryotes

Lacks a nucleus.

Interphase

The stage of the cell cycle for growth and DNA replication.

Mitosis

Nuclear division.

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasmic division

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division due to DNA mutations.

Benign Tumor

Localized tumor.

Malignant Tumor

Invasive, cancerous tumor.

Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells; embryonic (pluripotent), adult (tissue-specific).

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food.

Chemical Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of food.

Lymphatic System

Drains fluid and supports immunity.

Respiratory Structures

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → alveoli (gas exchange)

Cell Membrane

Controls entry/exit.

Organelle

Specialized structure in cell with specific function.

Incandescence

Heating a material until it glows.

Refraction

Bending of light due to speed change in different materials.

Why Light Bends (Refraction)

Changes speed when entering different medium; bends toward/away from normal.

Electroluminescence (LED)

Electric current through a semiconductor.

Ionic Bonding

Transfer of electrons.

Covalent Bonding

Electron sharing.

Acids

pH < 7, sour taste

Bases

pH > 7, slippery feel

Neutralization

Acid + base → salt + water

Balancing Chemical Equations

Ensure atom conservation.

Chemical Change

A change that produces new substances.

Indicator

Substance that changes color in acids/bases.

Metals Properties

Shiny, malleable, ductile, conduct electricity/heat, mostly solids.

Non-Metals Properties

Dull, brittle, poor conductors, can be solids, liquids, or gases.

Metalloids Properties

Properties intermediate between metals and non-metals (e.g., silicon).

Respire

To exchange gases (0₂ in, CO2 out); cellular respiration.