CHEM 1030: Exam 2

Chapters 4-7

C₂H₃O₂⁻

Acetate

CO₃⁻²

Carbonate

HCO₃⁻

Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate

OH⁻

Hydroxide

NO₂⁻

Nitrite

NO₃⁻

Nitrate

CrO₄⁻²

Chromate

Cr₂O₇⁻²

Dichromate

PO₄⁻³

Phosphate

HPO₄⁻²

Hydrogen phosphate

H₂PO₄⁻

Dihydrogen phosphate

NH₄⁺

Ammonium

ClO⁻

Hypochlorite

ClO₂⁻

Chlorite

ClO₄⁻

Perchlorate

MnO₄⁻

Permanganate

SO₃⁻²

Sulfite

HSO₃⁻

Hydrogen sulfite or bisulfite

SO₄⁻²

Sulfate

HSO₄⁻

Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate

CN⁻

Cyanide

O₂⁻²

Peroxide

ClO₃⁻

Chlorate

hemi-

½

mono-

1

di-

2

tri-

3

tetra-

4

penta-

5

hexa-

6

hepta-

7

octa-

8

Ionic bonds

transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals

in ionic bonds the metal atom becomes a

cation

In ionic bonds the nonmetal becomes a

anion

Covalent bond (molecular bonds)

sharing of electrons between two or more nonmetals

Ionic or molecular compound?

CaF₂

Ionic

Ionic or molecular compound?

F₂O

Molecular

Ionic or molecular compound?

Al₂O₃

Ionic

Ionic or molecular compound?

HCl

Molecular

Empirical formula definition

relative number of atoms of each element in a compound (simplest ratio)

Molecular formula definition

gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound

What is the empirical formula?

C₆H₆

CH

What is the empirical formula?

P₅H₁₀

PH₂

What is the Electron Geometry?

Electron groups: 2

Linear

What is the Electron Geometry?

Electron groups: 3

Trigonal Planar

What is the Electron Geometry?

Electron groups: 4

Tetrahedral

What is the Electron Geometry?

Electron groups: 5

Trigonal bipyramidal

What is the Electron Geometry?

Electron groups: 6

Octahedral

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 2

Bonding Groups: 2

Lone Pairs: 0

**pay attention to picture

Linear

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 3

Bonding Groups: 3

Lone Pairs: 0

***select one with picture

Trigonal Planar

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 3

Bonding Groups: 2

Lone Pairs: 1

***pay attention to picture to0

Bent

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 4

Bonding Groups: 4

Lone Pairs: 0

***select one with pictures

Tetrahedral

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 4

Bonding Groups: 3

Lone Pairs: 1

Trigonal pyramidal

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 4

Bonding Groups: 2

Lone Pairs: 2

***pay attention to picture too

Bent

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 5

Bonding Groups: 5

Lone Pairs: 0

***select one with picture

Trigonal bipyramidal

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 5

Bonding Groups: 4

Lone Pairs: 1

Seesaw

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 5

Bonding Groups: 3

Lone Pairs: 2

T-shaped

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 5

Bonding Groups: 2

Lone Pairs: 3

***pay attention to picture

Linear

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 6

Bonding Groups: 6

Lone Pairs: 0

***select one with picture

Octahedral

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 6

Bonding Groups: 5

Lone Pairs: 1

Square pyramidal

What is the Molecular Geometry?

Electron Groups: 6

Bonding Groups: 4

Lone Pairs: 2

Square planar

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Linear

180°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Trigonal planar

120°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Trigonal planar Bent

<120°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Tetrahedral

109.5°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Trigonal pyramidal

<109.5°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Tetrahedral Bent

<109.5°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Trigonal bipyramidal

120° (equatorial) & 90° (axial)

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Seesaw

<120° (equatorial) & <90° (axial)

What bond angle does this geometry have?

T-shaped

<90°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Octahedral

90°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Square pyramidal

<90°

What bond angle does this geometry have?

Square planar

90°

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Linear

symmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Trigonal Planar

symmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Bent

asymmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Tetrahedral

symmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Trigonal pyramidal

asymmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

trigonal bipyramidal

asymmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

octahedral

symmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

seesaw

asymmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

T-shaped

asymmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

square pyramidal

asymmetrical

Symmetrical or asymmetrical?

square planar

symmetrical

H only needs __ electrons

2

Be only needs __ electrons

4

B only needs __ electrons

6

Given 2 electron groups and linear electron geometry what are the hybrid orbitals

2: sp

Given 3 electron groups and trigonal planar electron geometry what are the hybrid orbitals

3: sp2

Given 4 electron groups and tetrahedral electron geometry what are the hybrid orbitals

4: sp³

Given 5 electron groups and trigonal bipyramidal electron geometry what are the hybrid orbitals

5: sp³d

Given 6 electron groups and octahedral electron geometry what are the hybrid orbitals

6: sp³d²

A single bond has

__ 𝜎 bonds

__ π bonds

1 𝜎 bonds

0 π bonds

A double bond has

__ 𝜎 bonds

__ π bonds

1 𝜎 bonds

1 π bonds

A triple bond has

__ 𝜎 bonds

__ π bonds

1 𝜎 bonds

2 π bonds

Bonding molecular orbitals are designated by…

A) 𝜎* and π*

B) being italicized

C) 𝜎 and π

D) only 𝜎

E) only π

C

Antibonding molecular orbitals are designated by…

A) 𝜎* and π*

B) being italicized

C) 𝜎 and π

D) only 𝜎

E) only π

A

Formula for bond order

(# bonding electrons - # antibonding electrons)/2

What is the molecular orbital energy ordering for B₂, C₂, N₂